Chapter 4

Question 1

Epistemology

Answer 1

The study of knowledge

Question 2

Knowledge

Answer 2

Justified true belief

Question 3

Belief

Answer 3

Something someone claims is true

Question 4

True

Answer 4

Pragmatism, coherence, correspondence, and subjectivism

Question 5

Justification

Answer 5

Authority, rational, empirical, immediate sensory awareness

Question 6

Authority

Answer 6

Trusting the expert

Question 7

Criticism of authority

Answer 7

Authority could be wrong. The experts could disagree

Question 8

A priori

Answer 8

Justification of the claim before the event

Question 9

Rationality

Answer 9

The use of deductive logic to justify a claim

Question 10

Criticism of rationality

Answer 10

There is no one universal starting point or premise.

Question 11

Syllogism

Answer 11

Rational proof with a premise (2 propositions) and a concluding proposition

Question 12

Analytical statements

Answer 12

A defining statement.

Question 13

A posterior I

Answer 13

Justifications that are made after the event

Question 14

Empiricism

Answer 14

The use of senses to justify a claim

Question 15

Criticism of empiricism

Answer 15

The five senses depend on the mind

Question 16

Skepticism

Answer 16

Need 100% truth before considering a claim justified

Question 17

Immediate sensory awareness

Answer 17

An individual is an expert of their own sensing and intuition

Question 18

Criticism of ISA

Answer 18

One must be completely aware of the ISA of another

Question 19

What dies hardy suggest us needed before a statement should be deemed knowledge?

Answer 19

Justified true belief

Question 20

Associated with reason?

Answer 20

A priori

Question 21

Associated with experience?

Answer 21

A posteriori

Question 22

What are the 2 kinds of propositions

Answer 22

1. Analytic

2. Synthetic

Question 23

What does rationalism claim that impinges on the realm of empiricism?

Answer 23

Morality, metaphysics, and the material world

Question 24

Does the empiricist allow for some kind of a priori knowledge?

Answer 24

Yes

Moral

Question 25

What is Descartes's argument for the existence of God?

Answer 25

Trademark argument | Similar to ontological argument

Question 26

What empirical philosopher denies we possess any a priori knowledge?

Answer 26

John Stewart mill

Question 27

What kind of a priori knowledge does Hume seem to allow?

Answer 27

Knowledge concerning the relations between ideas

Question 28

How has steward mill situated moral theory in observation and experience?

Answer 28

The only evidence we have for what is good is what we desire. The greatest desire is happened.

Question 29

What is subjectivism?

Answer 29

Deals with the problem of moral knowledge | Defining it as knowledge only of our own mental states

Question 30

How do empiricist so deny that moral claims are actually claims at all?

Answer 30

They suggest that moral claims are based on feelings or preferences, which are neither true or false, so there is nothing to know.

Question 31

What two arguments might a theistic empiricist use to prove the existence of God?

Answer 31

Arguments from design | First cause argument (cosmological)

Question 32

How does math challenge the empirical world with the idea of a priori concepts?

Answer 32

Math is a priori but empirically demonstrated through movements. Lock and Hume hand suggested mathematical knowledge is revealed trough definitions and is thus analytical

Question 33

Who was the term agnosticism first used by?

Answer 33

Thomas Huxley

Question 34

Who was the best known component of skepticism?

Answer 34

David Hume

Question 35

Can skepticism be known under his system of belief?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

Who is a major exponent of positivism?

Answer 36

August Comte

Question 37

What are the levels of positivism?

Answer 37

Theological- things explained by spirits or gods Metaphysical- things explained by abstract essences and substances Positive level- things explained by observation and induction/scientific method

Question 38

What are the objections to positivism?

Answer 38

Mental life is bigger than the sensations Mind is inadequate Sensations alone will not construct the world of science

Question 39

Phenomenalism

Answer 39

Limited to objects of sense and experience It is not possible to know the thing in itself In the noumenal realm things do exist beyond experience