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Apologetics > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Epistemology

A

The study of knowledge

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2
Q

Knowledge

A

Justified true belief

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3
Q

Belief

A

Something someone claims is true

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4
Q

True

A

Pragmatism, coherence, correspondence, and subjectivism

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5
Q

Justification

A

Authority, rational, empirical, immediate sensory awareness

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6
Q

Authority

A

Trusting the expert

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7
Q

Criticism of authority

A

Authority could be wrong. The experts could disagree

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8
Q

A priori

A

Justification of the claim before the event

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9
Q

Rationality

A

The use of deductive logic to justify a claim

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10
Q

Criticism of rationality

A

There is no one universal starting point or premise.

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11
Q

Syllogism

A

Rational proof with a premise (2 propositions) and a concluding proposition

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12
Q

Analytical statements

A

A defining statement.

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13
Q

A posterior I

A

Justifications that are made after the event

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14
Q

Empiricism

A

The use of senses to justify a claim

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15
Q

Criticism of empiricism

A

The five senses depend on the mind

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16
Q

Skepticism

A

Need 100% truth before considering a claim justified

17
Q

Immediate sensory awareness

A

An individual is an expert of their own sensing and intuition

18
Q

Criticism of ISA

A

One must be completely aware of the ISA of another

19
Q

What dies hardy suggest us needed before a statement should be deemed knowledge?

A

Justified true belief

20
Q

Associated with reason?

A

A priori

21
Q

Associated with experience?

A

A posteriori

22
Q

What are the 2 kinds of propositions

A
  1. Analytic

2. Synthetic

23
Q

What does rationalism claim that impinges on the realm of empiricism?

A

Morality, metaphysics, and the material world

24
Q

Does the empiricist allow for some kind of a priori knowledge?

A

Yes

Moral

25
Q

What is Descartes’s argument for the existence of God?

A

Trademark argument

Similar to ontological argument

26
Q

What empirical philosopher denies we possess any a priori knowledge?

A

John Stewart mill

27
Q

What kind of a priori knowledge does Hume seem to allow?

A

Knowledge concerning the relations between ideas

28
Q

How has steward mill situated moral theory in observation and experience?

A

The only evidence we have for what is good is what we desire. The greatest desire is happened.

29
Q

What is subjectivism?

A

Deals with the problem of moral knowledge

Defining it as knowledge only of our own mental states

30
Q

How do empiricist so deny that moral claims are actually claims at all?

A

They suggest that moral claims are based on feelings or preferences, which are neither true or false, so there is nothing to know.

31
Q

What two arguments might a theistic empiricist use to prove the existence of God?

A

Arguments from design

First cause argument (cosmological)

32
Q

How does math challenge the empirical world with the idea of a priori concepts?

A

Math is a priori but empirically demonstrated through movements. Lock and Hume hand suggested mathematical knowledge is revealed trough definitions and is thus analytical

33
Q

Who was the term agnosticism first used by?

A

Thomas Huxley

34
Q

Who was the best known component of skepticism?

A

David Hume

35
Q

Can skepticism be known under his system of belief?

A

No

36
Q

Who is a major exponent of positivism?

A

August Comte

37
Q

What are the levels of positivism?

A

Theological- things explained by spirits or gods
Metaphysical- things explained by abstract essences and substances
Positive level- things explained by observation and induction/scientific method

38
Q

What are the objections to positivism?

A

Mental life is bigger than the sensations
Mind is inadequate
Sensations alone will not construct the world of science

39
Q

Phenomenalism

A

Limited to objects of sense and experience
It is not possible to know the thing in itself
In the noumenal realm things do exist beyond experience

Apologetics (16 decks)

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