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Microbiology > Chapter Eight > Flashcards

Chapter Eight Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

method of vertical gene transfer

A

cell division: Vertical gene transmission occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring, which happens during cell division.

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2
Q

LAST to happen during DNA replication?

A

DNA ligase joins all the new pieces together.

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3
Q

describes the lac operon

A

It is an inducible operon that is turned on if lactose is present and glucose is absent.

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4
Q

A mutation occurs that results in a codon change from UGU to UGA. UGU encodes a cysteine amino acid, and UGA is a stop codon. Therefore, this is an example of __________.

A

a nonsense mutation: creates a nonsense (stop) codon.

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5
Q

changes in a sequence of several amino acids?

A

frameshift mutation: would alter a long string of amino acids because it changes the three-nucleotide (codon) reading frame.

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6
Q

hypotheses was developed following Griffith’s 1928 experiment?

A

DNA from dead encapsulated bacteria can transform living nonencapsulated bacteria into living encapsulated bacteria.

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7
Q

requires cell-to-cell contact?

A

Conjunction

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8
Q

genetic transfer among bacteria involves a virus

A

transduction: process whereby a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) transfers DNA from one bacterium to another.

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9
Q

DNA replication

A

Primase synthesizes the primers.
DNA polymerase is required to add new nucleotides to the growing ends of the DNA strands.
DNA ligase joins the small DNA fragments of the lagging strand.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

to make an identical copy of DNA

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11
Q

You are analyzing a segment of DNA and observe an area of sequence that appears to act as a promoter element. Based on this, what can you conclude?

A

You have found the beginning of a gene.
Promoter sequences mark the beginning of genes and, therefore, the place where transcription begins.

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12
Q

translation

A

The ribosome stops protein synthesis when it reaches a nonsense codon in the mRNA.

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13
Q

Which of the following is a DNA strand complementary to 5’ CGAATCA 3’?

A

3’GCTTAGT5’

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14
Q

determine the polypeptide encoded by the RNA sequence 5’AUGUUUCUUUAA3’.

A

met-phe-leu

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15
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds two strands of DNA

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16
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins pieces of DNA together

17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

synthesizes DNA and proofreads

18
Q

RNA polymerase

A

copies RNA from a DNA template.

19
Q

Steps in translation

A

peptide bond formation
pairing of codons with anticodons
initiation at the AUG start codon
transport of amino acids by tRNAs

20
Q

true about transduction

A

A virus is required for transfer of genetic material.

21
Q

A frameshift mutation in a gene encoding a protein usually __________.

A

results in the production of a nonfunctional peptide

22
Q

Which of these statements is NOT true of translation?

A

Each amino acid is coded for by a single codon.

23
Q

Both transcription and DNA replication involve __________.

A

synthesis using a DNA template

24
Q

A gene is best defined as

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product.

25
Q

DNA gyrase

A

coils and twists DNA

26
Q

Transposase

A

insertion of DNA segments into DNA

27
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins segments of DNA

28
Q

DNA polymerase

A

makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template

29
Q

DNA is constructed of

A

Two strands of nucleotides running antiparallel.

30
Q

NOT a product of transcription?

A

A new strand of DNA

31
Q

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell

A

As naked DNA in solution.

32
Q

Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by

A

Mutation.
Conjugation.
Transduction.
Transformation.

33
Q

The damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is

A

Cut out and replaced.

34
Q

An enzyme that makes covalent bonds between nucleotide sequences in DNA is

A

DNA ligase.

35
Q

Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Use codons to arrange amino acids.

Microbiology (10 decks)

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