Chapter C8- Rates and Equilibriums Flashcards
On a reaction graph, what does the steeper the curve mean?
Where on the graph will the curve always be steepest?
What is this known as?
How do you calculate this?
What do reacting particles have to collide with as well as colliding?
What is this known as?
What is the activation energy?
In what two ways can you increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
The faster the reaction
At the start of the reaction
The initial rate
By drawing a tangent to the curve then calculating its gradient
Enough energy to cause a reaction take place
Collision theory
The minimum amount of energy that particles must have before they can react
- By increasing the frequency of the reacting particles colliding with each other
- By increasing the energy they have when they collide.
How can the faster the rate of reaction happen?
What do smaller particles mean and explain?
What do larger particles mean and explain?
What is an independent variable?
What is a dependant variable?
What do particles moving more quickly have more of?
What does increasing the temperature mean?
What will this result in?
Why is this?
The smaller the reacting particle
A larger surface area so more particles can react at any one time
A smaller surface area so the outer particles have to react before the rest
Something you change
Something you measure
More energy
A higher proportion of the collisions
The reaction taking place in any given time
A higher proportion of particles have energy greater than the activation energy.
What increases with increased temperature?
What two things happen with more kinetic energy per particle?
What happens to the rate if you increase the temperature of a reaction by 10oC?
What is concentration?
What is pressure?
Therefore, what does pressure increase?
What does this show between the two?
What two things occur when there are few molecules?
What two things occur when there are many molecules?
What is the empirical formula of a compound?
The rate of reaction
More frequent collisions and more activation energy
The rate will roughly double
Increasing the number of particles
Decreasing the space
Increases the number of particles in a given space
A correlation
There are few collisions and the rate of reaction is slow
There are more collisions and the rate of reaction is fast
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.
What increases when the concentration/pressure of reactants increases?
What does this then increase?
What is a catalyst?
What two things happen to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
What does this mean for the catalyst?
How do catalysts work?
What does this have?
What increases during this?
Hence, what then also increases?
The frequency of collisions between particles
The rate of reaction increases
A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
- The catalyst isn’t used up in the reaction
- The catalyst isn’t chemically changed
It is can be used again
By providing an alternative reaction pathway to the products
A lower activation energy than the original reaction
The frequency of effective collisions
The rate also increases.
What are two disadvantages of using catalysts?
What does the arrow pointing to the right called in a reversible reaction?
What does the arrow pointing to the left called in a reversible reaction?
What type of reaction is the arrow pointing to the right in a reversible reaction?
What type of reaction is the arrow pointing to the left in a reversible reaction?
What is the arrow pointing to the right in a reversible reaction concerning heat?
What is the arrow pointing to the left in a reversible reaction concerning heat?
What does the word anhydrous mean?
What does a dot symbol represent in a reversible reaction?
- They are very expensive
- They can get poisoned (ie they don’t work properly)
The forwards reaction
The backwards reaction
Endothermic (breaking the bonds)
Exothermic (making the bonds)
Heat goes in
Heat goes out
Crystals without water
Two different compounds bonding.
What is the definition of a molecule?
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Why does this happen?
What does Le Chatelier Principle state?
What happens if we add more reactants in a reversible reaction concerning the equilibrium?
What happens if we add more products in a reversible reaction concerning the equilibrium?
What is a closed system?
What happens if you increase the pressure in a reversible reaction with no gases?
When can dynamic equilibrium be achieved and why?
What happens if you increase the pressure in a reversible reaction with gases with the more atoms on the left?
What happens if you decrease the pressure in a reversible reaction with gases with more atoms on the left?
Two or more atoms that are bonded together
When both reactions take place at the same rate
To keep the concentrations of all substances unchanged
If changes are made to a system, the system will try to oppose the change to reach equilibrium again
The equilibrium shifts to the right
The equilibrium shifts to the left
When no substance can get in and no substance can leave the system
Nothing will happen because there are no gases on either side of the reaction
In a closed system (so that nothing can escape or get in)
The equilibrium shifts to the right
The equilibrium shifts to the left.
What happens to the equilibrium in a reversible reaction if the temperature increases?
What happens to the equilibrium if the temperature decreases?
What is the equation for the hydration of copper (II) sulphate (blue)?
What does copper (II) sulphate contain and why?
Describe what happens in detail when copper (II) sulphate is heated?
What happens if you add water to anhydrous copper (II) sulphate?
Therefore, why is this reaction a useful test for the presence of water?
Describe how cobalt (II) chloride paper is formed?
Why is cobalt (II) chloride paper a good indicator for the presence of water?
The equilibrium shifts to the left
The equilibrium shifts to the right
Hydrated copper (II) sulphate (blue) === Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate (white) + Water
The crystals contain water as part of the lattic formed when the copper (II) sulphate crystallised. It is also hydrated
The water is driven off from the crystals, producing white anhydrous (without water) copper (II) sulfate
Hydrated copper (II) sulphate is formed which is blue
Because of the colour change in the reaction, from white to blue
By soaking filter paper in cobalt (II) chloride solution and allowing it to dry in an oven
Because it turns pale pink when water is added to it.
