Chapter C10- Organic Reactions Flashcards
What are functional groups?
What is a homologous series?
What is the name of the homologous series for ethene, propene, butene etc?
What is the name of their functional group?
What is the difference in molecules between each alkene?
How can alkenes react with oxygen?
What conditions are required for the addition of hydrogen in reactions with alkenes?
What is the addition of hydrogen in reactions with alkenes called?
Groups in the molecules that give substances specific chemical properties
Family of substances with the same functional group
Alkene
Carbon-carbon double bond
CH2
By combustion
With conditions of nickel catalysts and 60oC temperatures when heating
Hydrogenation.
What are the four additions that can react with alkenes?
What will happen to the H2O in the last addition when they break apart?
What is the functional group of the homologous series alcohols?
What do the following alkanes become when they form alcohols:
Methane
Ethane
Propane
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
What can this be simplified as?
What do the following alkanes become when they form carboxylic acids:
Methane
Ethane
Butane
Addition of halogen, addition of hydrochloric acid, addition of hydrogen and addition of water
Only one of the bonds will break
It has an OH functional group attached to the main carbon chain
Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
A carboxil group
COOH
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Butanoic acid.
What is the reversible reaction showing esters being produced?
What has to happen to the acid in order for the reversible reaction to happen?
What is the ester product called when ethanoic acid and methanol react together?
What is the functional group of these compounds?
What type of substances are alcohols?
What is the functional group of alcohols?
What is this group called?
What is the first process of making alcohols involving yeast cells called?
What is the general equation for this reaction?
Carboxilic acid + Alcohol === Ester + H2O
The acid has to be heated
Methyl Ethanoate
COO
Organic compounds
OH
Hydroxyl group
Fermentation
Glucose—Alcohol + CO2.
What is the second process of making alcohols called?
What is the general reactant in this reaction?
What is the general equation for this reaction?
What is the advantage of the fermentation of alcohols?
What is the disadvantage of the fermentation of alcohols?
What are the two advantages of the hydrolisation of alcohols?
What is the disadvantage of the hydrolisation of alcohols?
How can alcohols react with oxygen?
What is the general equation for this reaction?
What else can alcohols react with?
What is the general equation for this reaction?
Hydrolisation
An alkene
Alkene— Alcohol
Cheap resources (the sugar)
Non-renewable
Higher product yield and is very quick
Ethene for example requires fractional distillation
By combustion
Alcohol—Carbon dioxide + Water
Reaction with sodium
Alcohol + Sodium—Sodium alcohol (eg ethoxide) + Hydrogen.
What is the general equation for the oxidation of alcohols?
What has to also be added for this reaction to work?
How is the oxygen mentioned in the equation produced?
What are alcohols good for and especially for what type of substances?
What can solvents do?
What is the general equation for the reaction of carboxylic acids with metals?
What is the general equation for the reaction of carboxylic acids with carbonates?
What do the salts that end in these reactions end in?
What is the general equation for the reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols?
What is usually used to help aide this reaction?
What is this type of reaction called?
What would the products be called if methanoic acid reacted with propanol?
Alcohol + (Oxygen)—Carboxylic acid
Acidified potassium dichromate
It is produced from the acidified potassium dichromate
Very good solvents especially for organic compounds
Dissolve other substances
Carboxylic acid + Metal—Metal (eg sodium) carboxylic acid + Hydrogen
Carboxylic acids + Carbonate—Carbonate carboxylic acid + Carbon Dioxide + Water
-anoate (eg a methanoate from methanoic acid)
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol— Ester (eg methyl ethanoate) + Water
An acid catalyst (eg concentrated sulphuric acid)
Reversible reaction
Propyl methanoate + Water.
What is electricity?
What can the two types of electricity be?
What are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol?
What are their solutions as a result?
What are the first four alcohols used as?
In what three conditions does fermentation occur the fastest?
What then happens under these three conditions?
What two things could happen if the conditions were different?
What are two examples of this?
The flow of charge
Free electrons or free ions
They are all soluble in water
Their solutions have a neutral pH
Fuels (eg ethanol is used as spirit burners)
At a temperature of around 37 oC, in a slightly acidic solution and under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)
The enzyme in yeast works best to convert the sugar to alcohol
The enzyme could be denatured (destroyed) or could work at a much slower rate
Lower pH/higher temperature or higher pH/lower temperature.
What can carboxylic acids do in water?
What happens during this and what does this form?
Why do they just form weak acidic solutions?
What does this mean that carboxylic acids have compared to other strong acids (in detail)?
What happens when alkenes react with steam and what is then formed?
What is an example of this?
What happens when hydrogen reacts with the double bonded carbons of alkenes?
When is an alkene reacted with hydrogen?
They can dissolve in water
When they dissolve, they ionise and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution
Because they don’t ionise completely (not all the acid molecules release their H+ ions)
This means that they have a higher pH (are less acidic) than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration
Water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed
Ethanol can be made by mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst
It opens up the double bond and forms the equivalent, saturated, alkane
In the presence of a catalyst.
