Chapter 9.2 Flashcards
Early attachment
When children form strong connections and emotional binds with caretakers
What did Harry Harlow do
What does his exp support?
Did experimental work with monkeys who were deprived of all early social interaction.
Results showed that healthy social and emotional development is rooted in child’s early social interactions with adults.
Attachment
Emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregivers, especially parents during first year of life.
John Bowbly (and others)
Observed institutionalized children and led to understanding of importance of parent-child interactions in development.
Mary Ainsworth
Involved with “Ainsworth’s Strange Situation” regarding mother-child dyads being observed under four conditions.
What were four conditions involved in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?
Initial mother-child interaction
Mother leaves infant alone in playroom
Friendly stranger enters playroom
Mother returns and greets child
Securely attached children
Those who explored the room when their mothers are present. Become upset and explore less when their mothers are not present, and SHOW PLEASURE when they return.
Insecurely attached children
Those who are less likely to explore the environment, even when their mothers are present. Can be Avoidant or Ambivalent.
Secure child characteristic
Distressed when caregiver leaves, but quickly comforted when caregiver returns.
Avoidant child characteristic
Not distressed when caregiver leaves, also avoids the caregiver when they return
Ambivalent child characteristics
Inconsolably upset when caregiver leaves. Child will also both seek and reject caring contact when caregiver returns. (Bitchy child)
According to Piaget’s theory, children actively try to…
Make sense of their environment rather than just passively soaking up information
Child _________ new info and experiences, and changes his way of thinking to _______ new knowledge
Assimilate, accommodate
Sensorimotor Stage
Stage from birth to 2 years; during which child has little competence in representing the environment by using images language or other symbols
Object permanence
Understanding that objects exist independent of one’s actions or perceptions of them.
(not present in children before 6 months…those mfs think your face rlly disappears in peekaboo)
Preoperational Stage
Period from 2-7 years; young child’s increasing capacity for symbolic thought is reflected in their interest for symbolic play and deferred imitation
Symbolic thought means…
Deferred imitation means…
Symbolic thought means that one object stands for another
Deferred imitation means the capacity to repeat an action observed earlier
Egocentric thought
Lack the ability to consider events from another person’s POV
Jean Piaget
Psychologist who created the 3-mountain-task test (discussed later)
Describe Piaget’s Three Mountains Task
When asked to choose the picture that a doll sees sitting across from them, they are unable to notice the fact that the mountain in the middle is closer to them than the doll, so they cant tell the dolls POV is different (google it)
Irreversability
Child cannot mentally reverse sequence of event
Centration
Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation
Principle of conservation
Knowledge that quantity is unrelated to arrangement and physical appearance of objects
EXP: imagine you have two similar sized clay balls, if you stretch one longer than the other, is the patient able to realize its still the same amt of clay?
Concrete Operational Stage
Period from 7-12 years of age that is characterized by increasingly logical thought and loss of egocentrism
Formal Operational Stage
Period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought
Example of abstract thought
Sarcasm, poetry, etc.
Jon Erikson associated with what theory and test
Psychosocial development, Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development
Psychosocial development stresses importance of
social and cultural influences on personality through the stages of life.
Erikson’s eight stages stages of psychosocial development
Infancy, toddler, preschool, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, old age.
Outcome of each stage varies along continuum from positive and negative
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Made the Ecological systems theory, dividing influence into tiers of Microsystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem. (Increasingly larger scale but more distant method of influence)
