Chapter 10 Flashcards
Personality is defined as
an individuals unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Personality theory describes and explains
Describes and explains how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique
Major theoretical perspectives on personality are
Psychoanalytic perspective and trait perspective
Sigmund Freud
Psychologist who created the psychoanalysis perspective
Psychoanalysis stresses the importance of
Unconscious forces sexual and aggressive instinct and early childhood experiences
Psychoanalysis is both
An approach to therapy and a theory of personality
Psychoanalysis emphasized
Unconscious motivation—the main cause of behavior library in the unconscious mind
It saw personality and behavior as a result of a constant interplay among conflicting psychological forces
What are the three different levels of awareness of psychological forces
Conscious preconscious and unconscious
Conscious
Information in your immediate awareness
Preconscious
Information that can easily be made conscious
Unconscious
Thoughts feelings urges and wishes that are difficult to bring to conscious awareness
Id (unconscious)
is the instinctual drivers present at birth which operate according to the pleasure principle
Pleasure principle
motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort—which is the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of Id
Ego
Conscious and rational component of personality which understand reality and logic
It is most in touch with the demands of the external world
Reality principle
Ability to post pone gratification in accordance with demands of the external world
Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable Manor
Superego
Partly conscious, self evaluate of, moralistic component of personality
It is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules
A child develops an internal parental voice that is partly conscious at the age of…(superego)
5 or 6
Freud’s psychosexual stages
(Five diff) age related developmental periods in which a child sexual urges are often focused on different areas of the body
These are expressed through the activities associated with those areas
The foundations of adult personality are establish during the first…(how many years of life)
5 years
Oral (Birth to age 1) stage is when
Mouth is primary source of pleasure, which is why babies want to put things in mouth and be fed, and are calmed with a pacifier
Anal (ages 1 to 3) stage is when
The anus is a primary focus of pleasurable sensations which a young child obtains through developing control over secreting poop (toilet training)
Phallic (Age 3 to 6) stage is when
The genitals are primary focus of pleasurable sensations, which the child obtains through sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attractions to the opposite sex parent.
Latency (Ages 7 - 11) stage is when
Sexual impulses become repressed and dormant as a child develops same-sex friendships with peers and focuses on school sports and other activities
Genital (12 - Adolescence) stage is when
adolescent reaches physical sexual maturity and the genitals become the primary focus of pleasurable Sensations again, which the person seeks to satisfy a heterosexual relationship
If a child was fixated at the oral stage of development (was not able to progress further in the stages) they might experience what in adulthood
Seeking pleasure through oral area like smoking or tabacco
Trait
A relatively stable and enduring predisposition to behave a certain way
Surface trait
Characteristic or attribute that can be inferred from observable behavior
Source trait
Most fundamental dimension of personality
—Basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
Raymond Cattell
Propose 16 personality factors in the 1940s. He also used a statistical technique called factor analysis to identify them, called the 16PF.
Hans Eysenck
Proposed a simpler model of universal source traits with three different source traits, introversion – extraversion, neuroticism – emotional stability, and psychoticism.
Hans Eysenck believe that individual differences in personality are due to
Biological differences among people
McCrae and Costa
Developed the Five factor model.
Five factor model of personality
A trait theory of personality that identifies a fundamental building blocks of personality as:
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Projective test
Type of personality test involves a person’s interpretation of an ambiguous image
Used to Assess unconscious motives and conflicts psychological defenses and personality traits
Hermann Rorschach
Created ink blot test
Rorschach inkblot test
Projective test using ink blots
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
A projective personality test developed by Henry Murray and colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes
The person to start to project is on motors complex another personality characteristics into a story he creates
Henry Murray
With the help of his colleagues created the TAT also known as thematic apperception test
MMPI – Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
Self-report inventory that access his personality characteristics and psychological disorders—used to assess both normal and disturbed populations
CPI – California psychological inventory
A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations
16PF - 16 personality factor questionnaire
A self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings on 16 trait dimensions
