Chapter 9.1-9.4

Question 0

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 0

The cell of the neural plate

Have unlimited capacity of self-renewal and are pluripotent (have ability to develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells)

Question 1

List the 5 phases of neurodevelopment

Answer 1

1) induction of the neural plate
2) neural proliferation
3) migration and aggregation
4) axon growth and synapse formation
5) neuron death and synapse rearrangement

Question 2

Describe the development of the neural groove

Answer 2

The growing neural plate folds to form the neural groove.

Question 3

Label the sections of the brain that develop out of the neural tube top to bottom

Answer 3

A) forebrain
B) midbrain
C) hindbrain
D) spinal cord

Question 4

What is important about the ventricular zone during neural proliferation in the neural tube?

Answer 4

This is the region adjacent to the ventricle (fluid filled center of tube) where most cell division occurs

Question 5

Describe the two kinds of cell migration that occurs in neural tube

Answer 5

Radial migration- proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube.

Tangential migration- occurs at a right angle to radial migration-that is parallel to the tube’s walls.

Question 6

What is the neural crest? What does the neural crest ultimately form?

Answer 6

Cells that break off the neural tube

Develop into neurons and glial cells of the PNS

Question 7

What are growth cones?

Answer 7

An amoebalike structure that grows at the tip of an axon or dendrite

Question 8

What is fasciculation?

Answer 8

The tendency of developing axons to grow along the paths established by preceding axons.

Question 9

Lost the two kinds of triggers for neuronal death or apoptosis

Answer 9

1) some developing neurons appear to be genetically programmed for an early death
2) some developing neurons seems to die because they fail to obtain life-preserving chemicals that are supplied by their targets.

Question 10

What are neurotrophins?

Answer 10

The most prominent class of life-preserving chemicals that are supplied to developing neurons by their targets have been identified. (Supplied by synaptic targets)

Question 11

Which two areas of the adult mammal brain that have shown substantial evidence of neuronal growth?

Answer 11

1) hippocampus

2) olfactory bulbs