Chapter 18

Question 1

Define negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 1

Symptoms that seem to represent a reduction or loss of normal function (Ex: affective flattening-reduction or absence of emotional expression, alogia-absence of speech, abolition-reduction or absence of motivation, anhedonia-inability to experience pleasure, Catalonia-remaining motionless

Question 2

Is schizophrenia caused by genetic factors? Describe the evidence

Answer 2

Concordance rates in monozygotic twins is 45% and greater than that for fraternal twins (10%) suggesting that there is a genetic component but it doesn’t complexly explain schizophrenia

Question 3

Describe research findings that cannot be explained by the D2 version of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Answer 3

• neuroleptics block activity at D2 receptors within hours, but it takes weeks before clinical benefits is observed
• only a small portion of patients with schizophrenia are benefitted by neuroleptics
• neuroleptics only alleviated positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 4

Define unipolar depression

Answer 4

Depression patients who do not experience periods of mania

Question 5

Define bipolar depression

Answer 5

Depression patients who experience periods of mania

Question 6

Define reactive depression

Answer 6

Depression triggered by a negative experience

Question 7

Define endogenous depression

Answer 7

Depression with no apparent cause

Question 8

What are mood stabilizers and why were they developed?

Answer 8

Drugs that act against depression without increasing mania or, conversely, act against mania without increasing depression

They were motivated by finding that antidepressants reduce depressive symptoms but led to mania

Question 9

How does the textbook define anxiety?

Answer 9

Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat

Question 10

What are the five classes of anxiety disorders

Answer 10

Generalized, phobic, panic, obsessive-compulsive, posttraumic stress disorder

Question 11

Define generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 11

Stress and anxiety in the absence of a casual stimulus

Question 12

Define phobic anxiety disorder

Answer 12

Similar to generalized, triggered by exposure to particular objects

Question 13

Define panic disorders

Answer 13

Attacks of extreme fear and stress; may occur within other disorders or alone

Question 14

Define obsessive-compulsive disorders-

Answer 14

Frequently recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thoughts (obsessions) and impulses (compulsions)

Question 15

Define posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 15

Persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress

Question 16

Involuntary, repetitive, stereotypes movements are called _______ and occur in _____ syndrome

Answer 16

Tics, Tourette’s

Question 17

Define positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 17

Symptoms that tween to represent a reduction or loss of normal function (ex: delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect-failure to react with appropriate emotions to events, incoherent speech or thought, odd behavior)