Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development Flashcards
MIDTERM 2
achievement motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by learning goals, seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or by performance goals, seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid negative assessments
anal stage
the second stage in Freud’s theory, lasting roughly from 1 to 3 years of age, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention
behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
child maltreatment
intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18
chronosystem
in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems
ego
in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality
Electra complex
Freud’s term for the conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival. (The complex is named after a figure in Greek mythology who arranged for the murder of her mother)
entity theory
a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
entity/helpless orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
erogenous zones
in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
ethology
the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior
exosystem
in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly
genital stage
the fifth and final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence, in which maturation and sexual intercourse becomes a major goal
hostile attributional bias
in Dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
id
in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
imprinting
a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species (usually their mother)
incremental theory
a theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience
incremental/mastery orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
intermittent reinforcement
inconsistent response to the behavior of another person, for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it
internalization
the process of adopting as one’s own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person
latency period
the fourth stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities
macrosystem
in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded
mesosystem
in the bioecological model the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings
microsystem
in the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences
Oedipus complex
Freud’s term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by their father. (The complex is named for the king in Greek mythology who unknowingly murdered his father and married his mother)
oral stage
the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
parental-investment theory
a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring
perceived self-efficacy
an individual’s beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal
phallic stage
the third stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
psychic energy
Freud’s term for the collection of biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuel behavior, thoughts, and feelings
reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment
role taking
being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings
self-socialization
with regard to gender development, individuals’ use of their beliefs, expectations, and preferences to guide how they perceive the world and the actions they choose
superego
in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
systematic desensitization
a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response. This approach is especially useful in the treatment of fears and phobias
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
