Chapter 15: Gender Development

Question 1

activating influences

Answer 1

potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses

Question 2

adrenarche

Answer 2

period prior to the emergence of visible signs of puberty during which the adrenal glands mature, providing a major source of sex steroid hormones; correlates with the onset of sexual attraction

Question 3

affiliation

Answer 3

tendency to affirm connection with other through being emotionally open, empathetic, or cooperative

Question 4

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Answer 4

condition during prenatal development in which androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males, impeding the formation of male external genitalia; in these cases, the child may be born with female external genitalia

Question 5

androgens

Answer 5

class of steroid hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward

Question 6

assertion

Answer 6

tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors

Question 7

body image

Answer 7

an individual’s perception of, and feelings about, his or her own body

Question 8

collaboration

Answer 8

coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, which is associated with gender-role flexibility and more common among girls than boys

Question 9

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 9

condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females; and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play in genetic females

Question 10

cross-gender-typed

Answer 10

behaviors associated with the gender other than that of a given person

Question 11

effect size

Answer 11

magnitude of difference between two group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions

Question 12

enactive experience

Answer 12

learning through experiencing the reactions one’s behaviors evokes in others

Question 13

gender constancy

Answer 13

realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior

Question 14

gender dysphoria disorder

Answer 14

psychiatric diagnosis included in the DSM-5 to refer to children who identify with the other gender and indicate cross-gender-typed interests

Question 15

gender identity

Answer 15

awareness of oneself as a boy or a girl

Question 16

gender schema filter

Answer 16

initial evaluation of information as relevant for one’s own gender

Question 17

gender schemas

Answer 17

organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes

Question 18

gender segregation

Answer 18

children’s tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers

Question 19

gender stability

Answer 19

awareness that gender remains the same over time

Question 20

gender typing

Answer 20

the process of gender socialization and development

Question 21

gender-essentialist statements

Answer 21

remarks about males’ and females’ activities and characteristics phrased in language that implies they are inherent to the group as a whole

Question 22

gender-role flexibility

Answer 22

recognition of gender roles as social convention and adoptions of more flexible attitudes and interests

Question 23

gender-role intensification

Answer 23

heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence

Question 24

gender-typed

Answer 24

behaviors associated with a given person’s gender

Question 25

ingroup assimilation

Answer 25

process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group’s norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup

Question 26

ingroup bias

Answer 26

tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup as superior to those of the outgroup

Question 27

interest filter

Answer 27

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

Question 28

menarche

Answer 28

onset of menstruation

Question 29

meta-analysis

Answer 29

statistical technique used to summarize average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies

Question 30

observational learning

Answer 30

learning through watching other people and the consequences others experiences as a result of their actions

Question 31

opportunity structure

Answer 31

the economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model, and people’s understanding of those resources

Question 32

organizing influences

Answer 32

potential result of certainsex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

Question 33

puberty

Answer 33

developmental period marked by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic bodily changes

Question 34

self-socialization

Answer 34

the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on

Question 35

spermarche

Answer 35

onset of capacity for ejaculation

Question 36

transgender

Answer 36

a person whose gender identity does not match the person’s genetic sex; includes individuals who identify either with the other sex, with both sexes, or with neither sex

Question 37

tuition

Answer 37

learning through direct teaching