Chapter 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period Flashcards
MIDTERM 1
amniotic sac
a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus
apoptosis
genetically programmed cell death
cephalocaudal development
the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head
colic
excessive, inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason
conception
the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father
developmental resilience
successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards
dose-response relation
a relation in which the effect of exposure to an element increases with the extent of exposure (prenatally, the more exposure a fetus has to a potential teratogen, the more severe its effect is likely to be)
embryo
the name given to the developing organism from the 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development
embryonic stem cells
embryonic cells, which can develop into any type of body cell
epigenesis
the emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
the harmful effects of maternal alcohol consumption on a developing fetus. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) involves a range of effects, including facial deformities, mental retardation, attention problems, hyperactivity, and other defects. Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) is a term used for individuals who show some, but not all, of the standard effects of FAS
fetus
name given to the developing organism from the 9th week to birth
fraternal twins
twins that result when two eggs happen to be released into the fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by two different sperm; fraternal twins have only half their genes in common
gametes (germ cells)
reproductive cells–eggs and sperm–that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cells in the body
habituation
a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation
identical twins
twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote, resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of genes
infant mortality
death during the first year after birth
low birth weight (LBW)
a birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams)
meiosis
cell division that produces gametes
mitosis
cell division that results in two identical daughter cells
neural tube
a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
non-REM sleep
a quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate
phylogenetic continuity
the idea that because of our common evolutionary history, humans share many characteristics, behaviors, and developmental processes with other animals, especially mammals
placenta
a support organ for the fetus; it keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus and mother separate, but as a semipermeable membrane permits the exchange of some materials between them (oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus and carbon dioxide and waste products from fetus to mother)
