CHAPTER 9: The Voyage through the Life Span Flashcards
Main stages of prenatal development
- Germinal
- Embryonic
- Fetal
The formation of the zygote which undergoes multiple cell divisions, and implants into the uterine wall.
Germinal
Occurs on the third to the eighth week after conception. Major organs and systems of the body begin to develop.
Embryonic
Occurs in the ninth week and continuing until birth. Involves the maturation and growth of existing structures.
Fetal
The fertilized ovum or egg cell
Zygote
The protective sac that contains the embryo
Amniotic Sac
A membrane that serves as a filter for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and child.
Placenta
A tube that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the womb
Umbilical Cord
An involuntary movement in response to stimulation. Withdrawal reflex where in it is a reflex to avoid painful stimuli
Reflexes
Infants’ _____ development progresses in a systematic manner; with reflexive to more complex motor skills.
Motor Development
Where children start learning things, understanding, and interpreting what they say.
Perceptual Development
The assimilation and accommodation helps with the process of learning, it is a fundamental concept that highlights the importance of helping children adapt to new information.
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
The stages of Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs old)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs old)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs old)
- Formal Operational Stage (11 and above)
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
- Infants use their senses and motor skills to think. They start to develop object permanence.
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs old)
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
- Children start to adapt more to using language and symbols. Thinking is still egocentric and lacks logical reasoning.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs old)
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
- Starting to think more logically and organize their thinking comprehension. Capable of considering multiple perspectives.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs old)
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
- The fourth and final stage where the child can reason and comprehend not only tangible objects and events but also hypothetical and abstract ones.
Formal Operational Stage (11 and above)
Focuses on the transmission of information and cognitive skills from generation to generation
Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
The range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled.
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Temporary cognitive structures or methods of problem-solving that assist the child as they learn to function independently.
Scaffolding
3 aspects of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
- Children at this level base their moral judgments on the consequences of behavior.
Preconventional
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
- Right and wrong are judged by conformity to conventional standards of right & wrong.
Conventional
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
- Focuses on dilemmas in which individual needs are pitted against the need to maintain the social order and on personal conscience.
Postconventional
The stages in Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-2 years old)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years old)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 yrs old)
- Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 yrs old)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-40 yrs old)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 yrs old)
- Integrity vs. Despair (65 yrs old-Death)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Infants who receive nurturing and care come to trust their environment, and those who are neglected develop mistrust.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Toddlers start to establish and grow a sense of autonomy at this age.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-2 years old)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Children start to exert their power and authority.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years old)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Children are driven to acquire competence and learn new skills.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 yrs old)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Their behavior and development will be influenced by their sense of self
Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 yrs old)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Young adults tend to focus on developing intimate and meaningful connections with other people.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-40 yrs old)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Adults in their middle years prioritize giving back to society and next generation
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 yrs old)
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Consider their experiences and life decisions when they reach the end of their lives.
Integrity vs. Despair (65 yrs old-Death)
the enduring affectional tie that binds one person to another
Attachment
Patterns of attachment
- Secure Attachment
- Avoidant Attachment
- Ambivalent or Resistant
Patterns of attachment
- Securely attached infants mildly protest their mother’s departure
Secure Attachment
Patterns of attachment
- They are least distressed by their mother’s departure.
Avoidant Attachment
Patterns of attachment
- Are the most emotional
Ambivalent/Resistant
Phases of attachment
- Initial- Pre Attachment
- Attachment-in-the-Making
- Clear-cut Attachment
Phases of attachment
- Infants are inherently sociable and seek out to people near to them
Initial-Pre Attachment
Phases of attachment
- They begin to distinguish between various caregivers and adjust accordingly
Attachment in the Making
Phases of attachment
- They develop a close attachment to the caregiver and look for them for safety and comfort.
Clear-cut Attachment
Parenting Styles
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
Parents are strict and restrictive and demand mature behavior from their children
Authoritative
Rely on force on their children
Authoritarian
Easy-going and they allow the children to do what they want
Permissive
Parents tend to leave their children on their own.
Uninvolved
the period of life bounded by puberty and the assumption of adult responsibilities
Adolescence
the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible
Puberty
Characteristics that distinguish females from males, such as distribution of body hair and depth of voice, but that are not directly involved in reproduction
Secondary Sex Characteristics
the beginning of menstruation
Menarche
Rapid increase in height and weight during adolescence
Growth Spurt
The female sex hormone that encourages that encourages the growth of breast tissue, hips, and buttocks
Estrogen
Produced by adrenal glands along with estrogen, prompting the growth of body hair.
Androgen
Stages in Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs old)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs old)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs old)
- Formal Operational Stage (11 and above)
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Characterized by the coordination of sensory information and motor activity, early exploration of the environment and lack of language
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs old)
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Characterized by illogical use of words and symbols, spotty logic, and egocentric
Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs old)
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Characterized by logical thought concerning tangible objects, conservation, and subjective morality
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs old)
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Include the capacity for classification, logical thinking, and the ability to hypothesize.
Formal Operational Stage (11 and above)
Refers to the belief that others are as concerned with our thoughts and behavior as we are
Imaginary Audience
A cognitive belief held by adolescents. Involves the conviction that their own feelings are not just memorable but even unique
Personal Fable
Moral reasoning is rooted in the individual’s own moral standards
Postconventional Level
Period where someone is making crucial choices in life
Age of Identity Exploration
Period of uncertainty and change
Age of Instability
Period where someone’s gaining more freedom and independence
Age of Self-focus
Period where you’re navigating “real” adulthood
Age of Feeling In-Between
Having a positive outlook on life
Age of Possibilities
20-40 years old period; during this stage individuals often reach their maximum height, strength, and reproductive capability.
Early Adulthood
40-65 years old period; stage of life characterized by stability and steady growth in various aspects
Middle Adulthood
65 and beyond; stage of life characterized by continued physical, sensory, and cognitive changes.
Late Adulthood
The ability to use knowledge, experience, and learned skills. Involves the application of acquired knowledge and experiences to solve problems and make decisions.
Crystallized Intelligence
The capacity to reason and logic to overcome recently encountered situations. The antithesis of crystallized intelligence.
Fluid Intelligence
The anguish and other complex feelings that parents frequently go through when their kids move out.
Empty Nest Syndrome
Middle-aged people who feel compelled to care for their developing children as well as their elderly parents.
Sandwich Generation
Strategy for improving the health and happiness of the elderly and a guide for aging well.
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)
- Involves delineating goals as a range of possible developmental outcomes and committing to a subset of these goals.
Selection
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)
- Entails acquiring and investing resources to maximize goal-related gains and chances for success.
Optimization
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)
- Managing losses in resources or by adjusting resource investment
Compensation
