Chapter 4: Consciousness Flashcards
sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings, personal unity
Consciousness
the focus of one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus
Selective attention
knowledge of one’s own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs
Direct inner awareness
in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one’s attention
Preconscious
in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also: without consciousness
Unconscious
the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness
Suppression
in psychodynamic theory, the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas, impulses, or images from awareness
Repression
descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we cannot become conscious; we may “recognize” that our hair is growing, but we cannot directly experience the biological process
Nonconscious
a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth’s rotation
circadian rhythm
rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation
Alpha waves
the first four stages of sleep
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
slow brain waves produced during the hypnagogic state
theta waves
strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep
delta waves
the view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity
continuity hypothesis
the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern
activation–synthesis model
frightening, dream-like experiences that occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep; nightmares, in contrast, occur during REM sleep
sleep terrors
an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance
hypnosis
a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person’s ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized
role theory
the view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist
response set theory
the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for coping with stress
Transcendental meditation
a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems
mindfulness meditation (MM)
the systematic feeding information back to an organism about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function
biofeedback training (BFT)
an instrument that measures muscle tension
electromyograph (EMG)
drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions
psychoactive substances
a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system
depressant
a drug that increases activity of the nervous system
stimulant
a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
substance use disorder
habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects
tolerance
a characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decease in an addictive drug’s level of usage
abstinence syndrome
a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system
opiates
drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates
narcotics
chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy
opioids
an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep
barbiturate
stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta phenylethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
amphetamines
chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon
hydrocarbons
smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking
secondhand-smoke
a substance that causes hallucinations
hallucinogenics
the dried vegetable matter of the Cannabis sativa plant
marijuana
distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage but mimic the LSD experience
flashbacks
lysergic acid diethylamide; a hallucinogen
LSD
a hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus
mescaline
