CHAPTER 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender
Homosexual
One’s psychological sense of being female, male, or somewhere in between
Gender Identity
not behaving in a way that is consistent with the gender-role stereotype associated with one’s sex in a given culture
Gender Nonconformity
It is a feeling state which has physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. It is associated with the arousal of the autonomic nervous system.
Emotions
Theories of emotion
- James-Lange Theory
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
suggests that our emotions result from our interpretations of our physiological responses to stimuli. In other words, an individual experiences a physiological response (like a racing heart upon seeing a snake) and then identifies the emotion (fear) based on the physiological response.
James-Lange Theory
emotions and physical reactions happen together when we experience something. This theory suggests that our brain causes both the body’s response (like getting energized or moving) and feeling emotions when we perceive something.
Cannon-Bard Theory
This theory suggests that our emotions are shaped by how we interpret situations. Even though our body reactions might be similar for different emotions, how we describe those feelings depends on what we think about what’s happening around us.
Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
The state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something
Motivation
A hypothetical state within an organism that propels the organism towards a goal; it may take in the form of needs, drives, and incentives which are inferred from behavior.
Motive
a
condition of arousal in an organism associated with needs.
Drive
An object, person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake
Incentive
An inherited disposition to
activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals. Found in particular species and are genetically transmitted from generation to generation.
Instinct
They asserted that humans have instincts that foster survival and social behavior i.e. sympathy, love, modesty, hunger, sex, and self-assertion.
William James (1890) and William McDougall (1908)
Sigmund Freud believed tension motivates us to behave in ways to restore us to a resting state. Organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the e ect of reducing drives
Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis
Hunger, thirst, and pain trigger that activates behavior.
Primary Drive
Drives that are gained through experience (drives for social approval & a liation)
Acquired Drive
The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
Homeostasis
He believed that people are also motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth
Abraham Maslow
suggests they see people as natural scientists who strive to understand the world so that they can predict and control events. Therefore, people try to eliminate inconsistencies—or, as we saw in the case of the Seekers at the beginning of the chapter—discrepancies in information so that their ability to make sense of the world
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
People are generally motivated
to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their own behavior.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The state of being satisfied/fullness
Satiety
Stomach contractions
Hunger Pangs
a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center
Ventromedial Nucleus
Characterized by excessive eating
Hyperphagic
Characterized by undereating
Aphagic
an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.
Lateral Hypothalamus
a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image
Anorexia Nervosa
A problem a ecting
female athletes especially in college involving Low energy, Menstrual problems, Loss of bone density
Female Athlete Triad
an eating disorder
characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging
Bulimia Nervosa
Origins of eating disorders
● History of child abuse or sexual abuse
● Sociocultural climate
● Parents forcing their children
to eat
The arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior
Activating Effect
the periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals as governed by levels of sex hormones
Estrus
Masters and Johnson’s model
of sexual response, which consists of four stages or phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Sexual Response Cycle
Phase of sexual response cycle wherein Vasocongestion occurs. In men, their scrotal skin thickens, testes increases in size and become less elevated. In women, Vaginal lubrication,Vasocongestion swells the clitoris, flattens and spreads the vaginal lips, and expands the inner part of the vagina.
Excitement
the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm. Ejaculation also occurs
Plateau
is the engorgement of blood vessels with blood, which swells the genitals and breasts during sexual arousal. Heart Rate and blood pressure increases
Vasocongestion
the process of propelling seminal fluid (semen) from the penis
Ejaculation
the height or climax of sexual excitement, involving involuntary muscle contractions, release of sexual tensions, and usually, subjective feelings of pleasure
Orgasm
the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state. Refractory period occurs afterwards
Resolution
is the period of time following orgasm during which an individual is not responsive to sexual stimulation. (Women do not undergo this period thus can become quickly aroused).
Refractory period
