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ITP > Chapter 2: Biology and Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biology and Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

a specialized cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits messages

A

Neuron

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2
Q

cells that remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural transmission of messages

A

Glial Cells

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3
Q

root like structures; attached to the cell body of a neuron, that receive impulses, or incoming messages, from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from bulb-shaped structures called axon terminals or terminal buttons.

A

Axon

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5
Q

a fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses

A

Myelin

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6
Q

transmits messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.

A

Afferent Neurons or Sensory Neurons

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7
Q

transmits messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.

A

Efferent Neurons or Motor Neurons

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8
Q

the electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron.

A

Neural Impulses

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9
Q

the electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell or neuron.

A

Neural Impulses

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10
Q

to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane.

A

Polarize

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11
Q

the electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons

A

Resting Potential

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12
Q

to reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts toward zero

A

Depolarized

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13
Q

the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron.

A

Action potential

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14
Q

a location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter

A

Receptor Site

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15
Q

a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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16
Q

a neurotransmitter that affects the ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning and memory; it is involved in Parkinson’s disease and appears to play a role in schizophrenia.

A

Dopamine

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17
Q

a neurotransmitter whose action is similar to that of the hormone epinephrine and that may play a role in depression.

A

Norepinephrine

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18
Q

a neurotransmitter involved in emotional arousal and sleep; deficiencies of serotonin have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia

A

Serotonin

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19
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that apparently helps calm anxiety.

A

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

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20
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters that occur naturally in the brain and in the bloodstream and are similar to the narcotic morphine in their functions and effects

A

Endorphins

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21
Q

a bundle of axons from
many neurons

A

Nerves

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22
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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23
Q

the part of the nervous system consisting of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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24
Q

the division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, and the surface of the body

A

Somatic Nervous System

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25
Q

the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.

A

Autonomic Nervous System ( ANS )

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26
Q

Two Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division

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27
Q

the branch of the ANS that is most active during emotional responses, such as fear and anxiety, that spend the body’s reserves of energy

A

Sympathetic Division

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28
Q

the branch of the ANS that is most active during processes (such as digestion) that restore the body’s reserves of energy

A

Parasympathetic Division

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29
Q

“super information highway”
a column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body

A

Spinal Cord

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30
Q

a simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons

A

Spinal Reflex

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31
Q

the grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes

A

Gray Matter

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32
Q

axon bundles that carry messages to and from the brain

A

White Matter

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33
Q

a method of detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

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34
Q

a method of brain imaging that passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures the structures that reflect the beams from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a three-dimensional image

A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT scan)

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35
Q

a method of brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

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36
Q

an imaging method that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the flow of blood, which, when the brain is being scanned, indicate brain activity

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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37
Q

a form of MRI that enables researchers to observe the brain “while it works” by taking repeated scans

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

38
Q

an area near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention

A

Thalamus

39
Q

a bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion

A

Hypothalamus

40
Q

an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration

A

Medulla

41
Q

a structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, and sleep and arousal; Pons is the Latin word for “bridge”

A

Pons

42
Q

a part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

43
Q

a part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal

A

Reticular Formation

44
Q

a group of structures (Hippocampus, amygdala, and parts of hypothalamus) involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum

A

Limbic System

45
Q

a part of the limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses

A

Amygdala

46
Q

The outer coating of the cerebrum

A

The Cerebral Cortex

47
Q
  • is responsible for thinking and language.
  • the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres: Left and Right;
  • The hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum (Latin for “hard body”),
A

Cerebrum

48
Q

The 4 Lobes

A

Prefrontal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and Occipital Lobe

49
Q
  • the section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected.
  • It lies just behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe
A

Somatosensory Cortex

50
Q

the section of cortex that lies in the frontal lobe, just across the central fissure from the sensory cortex; neural impulses in the motor cortex are linked to muscular responses throughout the body.

A

Motor Cortex

51
Q
  • Breadth and depth of human learning, thought, memory, and language.
  • Core of your working memory
A

Association Areas

52
Q

Located in the frontal lobe, near the motor cortex which controls the muscles of the throat, tongue, and other parts of the face.
Processes the information and relays it to the motor cortex

A

Broca’s Area

53
Q

a language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech

A

Broca’s aphasia

54
Q

Located in the temporal lobe near the auditory cortex, and responds to sounds.

A

Wernicke’s Area

55
Q

a language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

56
Q

The body’s system of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release it directly in the bloodstream.

A

The Endocrine System

57
Q

A substance secreted by the endocrine gland that regulates body functions (growth, metabolism, behavior)

A

Hormones

58
Q

a system where if the hormone that was secreted was enough, the gland is signaled to stop.

A

Negative Feedback Loop

59
Q
  • Located between the visual and Wernicke’s area;
  • Translates visual information into auditory information and sends it to the Wernicke’s area
A

Angular gyrus

60
Q

More involved in logical analysis, problem solving, math, language

A

Left-Brained

61
Q

Colors, aesthetic, emotional responses, etc.

A

Right-Brained

62
Q

temporary disturbances of brain functions that involve sudden neural discharges

A

Epilepsy

63
Q
  • “Master Gland”
  • Controls the function of other glands in the endocrine system
A

Pituitary Gland

64
Q

Production of urine and paternal behavior

A

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Syndrome)

65
Q

Stimulates labor

A

Oxytocin

66
Q

Secretes hormones to stimulates the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

Secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycle and affect on-set puberty

A

Pineal Gland

67
Q
  • Produces hormones that help the body respond to stress;
  • Regulated by ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
  • Secretes corticosteroids (heartbeat, muscle development)
  • Epinephrine/Adrenaline intensifies emotions
  • Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline
A

Adrenal Gland

67
Q

Produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

A

Thyroid Gland

68
Q

Produces hormones that regulates calcium levels in the blood

A

Parathyroid Gland

68
Q

acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain of the adrenal gland.

A

Norepinephrine/Noradrenalin

68
Q

intensifies emotions (adrenal gland)

A

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

69
Q

Produces hormones to regulate blood sugar: insulin and glucagon.

A

Pancreas

70
Q

Regulates menstrual cycle and reproduction: estrogen and progesterone

A

Ovaries

71
Q

Regulates testosterone and reproduction.

A

Testes

72
Q

the branch of psychology that studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior

A

Evolutionary Psychology

73
Q

the concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce

A

Natural Selection

74
Q

a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection

A

Mutation

75
Q

stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus and nearly identical among members of a species, even when they are reared in isolation

A

Instinct

76
Q

the transmission of traits from parent to offspring by means of genes

A

Hereditary

77
Q

the area of biology that focuses on heredity

A

Hereditary

78
Q

the area of biology that focuses on heredity

A

Genetics

79
Q

bridges the sciences of psychology and biology. It is concerned with the genetic transmission of traits that give rise to patterns of behavior.

A

Behavioral Genetics

80
Q

a basic unit of heredity, which is found at a specific point on a chromosome

A

Gene

81
Q
  • made up of strings of genes.
  • Chromosomes are large complex molecules of DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid), which has several chemical components.
A

Chromosome

82
Q

that forms the basic material of chromosomes; it takes the form of a double helix and contains the genetic code.

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

83
Q

influenced by combinations of genes.

A

Polygenic

84
Q

your full genetic potential, as determined by the sequencing of the chemicals in your DNA.

A

Genotype

85
Q

one’s actual development and appearance, as based on one’s genotype and environmental influences

A

Phenotype

86
Q

the inborn, innate character of an organism

A

Nature

87
Q

the sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward

A

Nurture

88
Q

the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whose genetic material determines the sex of the individual

A

Sex Chromosomes

ITP (13 decks)

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