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AP Psychology > Chapter 9- States Of Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 9- States Of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

William James

A

Referred to consciousness as the stream of thought

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2
Q

Robert Strenberg

A

Refers to consciousness as a mental reality that we create in order to adapt to the world

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3
Q

Consciousness 2 important functions

A
  1. Responsible for monitoring, or keeping track of ourselves, our environment, and our relationship with the environment.
  2. Serves as a controlling role, planning our responses to the information gathered by monitoring
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4
Q

Preconscious level

A

Contains information that is available to consciousness but is not always in consciousness; can be retrieved when needed

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5
Q

Continuum

A

Controlled processing, automatic processing, daydreaming, meditation, sleep, dreaming, coma, unconsciousness

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6
Q

Controlled processing

A

Where we are aware of what we are doing

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7
Q

Automatic processing

A

Where we perform tasks mechanically, such as brushing our teeth

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8
Q

Sleep

A

An altered state of consciousness; necessary for restorative processes

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9
Q

Melatonin

A

The neurochemical that plays a role in sleep

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10
Q

Cycles without sleep

A

1-tolerable; 2-more difficult; 3-hallucinations and illusions begin; 4-paranoia and other psychological disturbances; all symptoms disappear when a person is allowed to sleep again

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11
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Sleep/wake cycle in relation to night/day; 24 hours cycle that our body temp and other physiological markers follow

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12
Q

Free-running rhythm

A

A 25-hour rhythm we follow when time cues are removed

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13
Q

External stimuli

A

Rapidly changing these stimuli, such as time zones, can disturb circadian rhythm

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14
Q

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

A

What brain waves are usually measured with

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15
Q

Awake

A

Beta waves

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16
Q

Awake but relaxed

A

Alpha waves

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17
Q

Drift off to sleep

A

Theta waves

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18
Q

Waves in stage 2

A

Sleep spindles appear occasionally broken up by K complexes- large slow waves

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19
Q

Stage 3 and 4 waves

A

Delta waves with larger portion in stage 4

20
Q

REM sleep waves

A

Mostly theta and beta

21
Q

REM sleep

A

A very deep stage of sleep, characterized by suppressed skeletal muscle tone; referred to as paradoxical sleep

22
Q

Length of sleep cycle

A

90 minutes long

23
Q

William Dement

A

A sleep researcher who studied the effects of the deprivation of REM sleep by waking them up every time they entered a REM period

24
Q

REM rebound

A

Participants REM periods increased from the normal 90 minutes of REM per night to 120 minutes of REM sleep in the period immediately following the deprivation; reinforces the idea that we need to sleep

25
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

26
Q

Insomnia

A

The most common of the sleep disorders and represents the inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep

27
Q

Narcolepsy

A

The inability to stay awake; a narcoleptic has irresistible and persistent urges to sleep throughout the day and at inappropriate times; cause is a dysfunction in the region of the hypothalamus that produces the neurotransmitter hypocretin

28
Q

Sleep apnea

A

A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing while sleeping, which results in awakening after a minute or so without air

29
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome; linked to sleep apnea

30
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Or somnambulism occurs when an individual walks around and sometimes even talks, while sleeping

31
Q

Freud hypothesis

A

Dreams are the expression of unconscious wishes or desires

32
Q

Manifest content

A

Storyline and imagery of the dream that offers insight into and important symbols relating to unconscious processes

33
Q

Latent content

A

The emotional significance and underlying meaning of the dream

34
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

A

Postulates that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we are sleeping

35
Q

Problem-solving theory of dreaming

A

Dreams provide a chance for the mind to work out issues that occupy its attention during waking hours

36
Q

Nightmare

A

And elaborate dream sequence that produces a high level of anxiety or fear for the dreamer; experiences a sense of physical danger; generally occur during REM sleep

37
Q

Night terrors

A

Occur in much deeper sleep states; these involve behaviors such as dreaming, crying, and jerking/lunging movements while asleep; person may also be quite mobile, going through all the motions of being attacked by some horror, and yet be fully asleep

38
Q

Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness in which the hypnotized person is very relaxed and open to suggestion; a person who is hypnotized has no recollection of the hypnosis upon returning to normal consciousness

39
Q

Hilgard’s theory of the hidden observer

A

Hypnosis somehow divides or dissociates the mind into two parts; one obey the hypnotist; other is the hidden observer that silently obeys everything

40
Q

Meditation

A

Techniques involved with learning to train ones attention; increased alpha and theta waves while they are meditating

41
Q

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

A

A protocol commonly used in the medical setting to help alleviate stress

42
Q

Dependence

A

Occurs when an individual continues using a drug despite overarching negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant physical and/or psychological feelings associated with not taking it

43
Q

Enjoyable behaviors

A

Produce activity in dopamine circuits in the brain stem, most notably in the nucleus accumbens, the “pleasure center” of the brain

44
Q

Tolerance

A

Increasingly larger doses are needed in order for the same effect to occur

45
Q

Withdrawal

A

The process of weaning off a drug one has become dependent upon; often involves physical and psychological symptoms of a highly unpleasant nature

46
Q

State of consciousness

A

Enables us to evaluate the environment and to filter information from the environment through the mind, while being aware of the occurrence of this complex process

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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