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AP Psychology > Chapter 7- Biological Bases Of Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Biological Bases Of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

CAT Scans

A

Computerized axial tomography scans; generate cross-sectional images of the brain using series of x-Ray pictures taken from different angles

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2
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

Uses extremely powerful electromagnets and radio waves to get 3-D structural information from the brain

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3
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

Views the brain as it’s working by rapid sequencing of MRI images

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4
Q

PET Scans

A

Views the brain as its working via diffusion of radioactive glucose in the brain; allows psychologists to observe what brain areas are at work during various tasks and psychological events

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5
Q

The Hindbrain

A

The oldest part of the brain to develop in evolutionary terms; composed of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular activating system (RAS), and pons

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls muscle tone and balance

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7
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions, such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and swallowing (basic life functions)

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8
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Controls arousal (wakefulness and alertness); also known as reticular formation

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9
Q

Pons

A

A way station, passing neural info from one brain region to another; implicated in REM sleep; Latin for “bridge”

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10
Q

Make Components of the midbrain

A

Tectum and tegmentum

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11
Q

Tectum

A

Brain’s roof

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12
Q

Tegmentum

A

Brain’s floor

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13
Q

Function of tectum and tegmentum

A

Governs visual and auditory reflexes, such as orienting to sight or sound

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14
Q

The forebrain

A

Contains limbic system; composed of the thalamus, hippocampus, anygdala, and hypothalamus

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15
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional center of the brain

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16
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory info; receives and directs sensory info from visual and auditory systems

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17
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in processing and integrating memories

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18
Q

Amygdala

A

Implicated in the expression of anger and frustration

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the temp and water balance of the body; controls hunger and sex drives; orchestrates the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

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20
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

the “on switch” for eating

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21
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

The “off switch” for eating

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22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The wrinkled outer layer of the brain; involved in higher cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, language use, and fine motor control

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23
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Receives sensory input

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24
Q

Motor cortex

A

Sends out motor info

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25
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A band of connective nerve fibers joining together two symmetrical-looking sides of the brain known as the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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26
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere

A

Typically specialized for language processing

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27
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area where speaking occurs; if damaged, you would not be able to speak

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28
Q

Paul Broca

A

Observed that the brain damage to the left hemisphere in stroke patients resulted in expressive aphasia

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29
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Loss of the ability to speak; also referred to as “aphasia”

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30
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Discovered an area in the left temporal lobe that, when damaged in stroke patients, resulted in receptive aphasia; area called Wernicke’s area

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31
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

The inability to comprehend speech

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32
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere

A

Processes certain kinds of visual and spatial info

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33
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Demonstrated that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently of each other by performing experiments on split-brain patients

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34
Q

Split-brain patients

A

People who had their corpus callosums severed to control their epileptic seizures

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35
Q

Contralateral processing

A

If missing right of of brain & something is shown in the right field & processed on the left side, the person can verbally describe the object that was shown on the right side; if missing left side of brain & something is shown in the left field & processed on the right side, the person could draw the object but can’t verbally explain it

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36
Q

Association areas

A

Responsible for associating info in the sensory and motor cortices; damage results in apraxia (the inability to organize movement) agnosia (a difficulty processing sensory input) alexia (the inability to read) and agraphia (the inability to write)

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37
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Comprising of the brain and the spinal cord

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38
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

Comprising of all other nerves in the body branching off of the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Responsible for voluntary movement of large skeletal muscles

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40
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls the no skeletal or smooth muscles such as those of the heart and digestive tract; involuntary movements

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41
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Associated with processes that burn energy: responsible for the heightened state of physiological arousal known as the fight-or-flight reaction

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42
Q

Fight-or-flight reaction

A

And increase in heart rate and respiration, accompanied by a decrease in digestion and salvation

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43
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for conserving energy; becomes active, sending blood to the stomach for digestion and slowing the heart rate; returns the body to homeostasis after fight-or-flight response

44
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of neurons

45
Q

Neurons

A

The basic unit of the nervous system

46
Q

Soma

A

Nucleated cell body

47
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches out from the soma; receives input from other neurons through receptors on their surface; electrically charged

48
Q

Axon

A

A long, tubelike structure that responds to input from the dendrites and soma; transmits a neural message down its length and the. Passed its info onto other cells

49
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fatty coating surrounding the axon; serves as insulation for the electrical impulses carried down the axon and also speeds up the rate at which electrical info travels down the axon

50
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The small gaps between the myelin sheath; helps speed up neural transmission

51
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Axon ends; knobs in the branches end of the axon; come very close to the cell body and dendrites of other neurons but they do not touch; release neurotransmitters

52
Q

Reflexes

A

Quick and involuntary responses to environmental stimuli; path goes from sensory neurons to motor neurons

53
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between terminal buttons and dendrites

54
Q

Efferent

A

Those conveying info from the brain

55
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The protective liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

56
Q

Afferent

A

Nerves sending info to the brain

57
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released by terminal buttons; chemical messengers across the synapse where they bind with receptors on subsequent dendrites

58
Q

Number of lives in cortex

A

Four; frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

59
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Responsible for higher-level thought and reasoning

60
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Handles somatosensory info and is the home of the primary somatosensory cortex; receives info about temp, pressure, texture, and pain

61
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Handles auditory input and is critical for processing speech and appreciating music

62
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual input; info crosses the optic chiasm

63
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that affects memory function, as well as muscle contraction, particularly in the heart

64
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter related to arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, mood, and hunger regulation

65
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, and reward; imbalances may lay a role in Parkinson’s disease and in schizophrenia

66
Q

GABA

A

And inhibitory neurotransmitter

67
Q

Glutamate

A

And excitatory neurotransmitter and the all-purpose counterpart to GABA

68
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter that affects levels of alertness; a lack of it is implicated in depression

69
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitter; the body’s natural pain killers

70
Q

Endocrine system

A

Various parts of our bodies relating info to one another; works through groups of cells known as glands

71
Q

Glands

A

Release hormones

72
Q

Hormones

A

Affect cell growth and proliferation; control hormonal release by many other glands

73
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland; releases hormones; located just under the part of the brain that controls it (hypothalamus); produces human growth hormone

74
Q

Differences between hormones and neurotransmitters

A

N- released locally, trigger night localized, present in bloodstream, affect the body for short periods of time, electrical impulses, voluntary or involuntary; H- released distant, coordinate a wide range of responses, work in the synapse, affect the body for long periods of time, chemical impulses, always involuntary

75
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Pituitary releases in stressful situations; stimulates the adrenal glands resulting in fight-or-flight reactions

76
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

77
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

78
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located at the front of the neck; produces thyroxine

79
Q

Thyroxine

A

Important for regulating cellular metabolism

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls pituitary gland

81
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Produces parathyroid hormone used for calcium regulation

82
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin; used for blood glucose level regulation

83
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces estrogen

84
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone

85
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

The application of the principals of evolutionary theory to the study of behavior; examines the ways in which we are different from one another

86
Q

Traits

A

Distinctive characteristics of behavior patterns that are determined by genetics

87
Q

Dominant trait vs recessive trait

A

Dominant trait is more likely to be expressed in offspring that is a recessive trait

88
Q

Genes

A

The basic biological elements responsible for carrying info about traits between successive generations; determine traits; reside on rod-shaped chromosomes

89
Q

Genotype

A

Comprises all of the possible combinations of genes

90
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable trait; dominant trait usually shown; shows recessive when two recessive a are paired together

91
Q

Number of chromosomes in human body

A

46; 23 from each parent

92
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Occurs when there are three copies of the 21st chromosome

93
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A genetic disorder that results in muscle impairment that does not typically occur until after age 40; caused by the degeneration of the structure of the brain known as the basal ganglia and is fatal

94
Q

Neural communication

A

Occurs within and between cellar; communication within cells is electrochemical

95
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

An electrical potential across the plasma membrane of approximately -70 millivolts (mV); establishes a negative charge along the interior of axons; cells are polarized: negative on the inside and positive on the outside

96
Q

Two primary men ran proteins requires to establish the resting membrane potential

A

NA+/K+ ATPase; potassium leak channels

97
Q

NA+/K+ ATPase

A

Pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell

98
Q

Leak channels

A

Channels that are open all the time that simply allow ions to “leak” across the membrane according to their gradient; ex. Potassium leak channels allow potassium but no other ions

99
Q

Action potential

A

Aka nerve impulse; a disturbance in the membrane’s potential; a wave of depolarization of the plasma membrane that travels along the axon; “all or none”

100
Q

Depolarization

A

A change in the membrane potential from the resting membrane potential to a less negative, or even positive potential; change of membrane potential is caused by movement of ions into and out of the neuron through ion channels

101
Q

Repolarization

A

Returns the membrane potential to normal after depolarization has occurred

102
Q

Absolute refractory phase

A

Occurs after a neuron fires; point where no amount of stimulation can cause the neuron to fire again

103
Q

Refractory phase

A

Occurs after the absolute refractory phase; point where the neuron needs much more stimulation than usual to fire again

104
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Serve to excite the cell or cause the neuron to fire

105
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Inhibit (or stop) cell firing

106
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

Measures subtle changes in brain electrical activity through electrodes placed on the head; allows psychologists to get an electrical picture of brain activity during various cognitive states or tasks

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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