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AP Psychology > Chapter 11- Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory memory

A

The gateway between perception and memory; iconic or echoic; George Sperling and partial report

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2
Q

Iconic

A

Visual; sensory memory

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3
Q

Echoic

A

Auditory; sensory memory

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4
Q

George Sperling

A

Experimented on memory and partial report; using rows and columns of letters and asking participants to repeat them; research shows iconic memory or short-term visual memory that suggests that the capacity for iconic memory is quite large, but the duration is incredibly short, and the info is not easily manipuable

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5
Q

Short-term memory

A

Holds info for a few seconds up to about a minute; George Miller; can hold about seven items plus or minus two; maintained by rehearsal

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6
Q

George Miller

A

Found that info stored in short-term memory is primarily acoustically coded, despite the nature of the original source

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7
Q

Rehearsal

A

Maintenance rehearsal: simple repetition to keep an item in the short-term memory until it can be used; elaborative rehearsal: involves organization and understanding of the info that has been encoded in order to transfer the info to the long-term memory

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8
Q

Encoded

A

Items in the short-term memory being stored and able to be recalled later into the long-term memory

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9
Q

Decay

A

Items in the Short term memory exiting by the passage of time

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10
Q

Interference

A

Items in short-term memory exiting by being displaced by new info; retroactive interference: old info displaced by new info

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11
Q

Sequential storage

A

Our tendency to remember the first few (primacy) and the last few (recency) items in a list better than the ones in the middle; overall effect called serial position effect

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12
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items of info into units

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13
Q

Priming

A

Memory concerned with perceptual indent officiating of words and objects; activating particular representation before carrying it an action or task; ex. Hearing the word yellow and immediately thinking of a banana

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14
Q

Prospective

A

Remembering to remember

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15
Q

Conditioning

A

Paring two stimuli to give the same response

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16
Q

Long-term memory

A

The repository for all of our lasting memories and knowledge; capable of permanent retention for the rest of our live; primarily semantically encoded

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17
Q

Episodic memory

A

Kind of long-term memory storage; memory for events that we ourselves have experienced

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18
Q

Semantic memory

A

Kind of storage for long-term memory; comprises facts, figures, and general world knowledge

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19
Q

Procedural memory

A

Kind of long-term memory storage; consisting of skills and abilities

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20
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory

A

LTM; a memory a person can consciously consider and retrieve, such as episodic and semantic memory

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21
Q

Non-declarative (implicit) memory

A

LTM; beyond conscious consideration and would include procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning

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22
Q

State-dependent memory

A

How we call recall items in long-term memory; principle states that info is more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which it was encoded

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23
Q

Working memory

A

Would fall between the sensory registry and short-term memory, and it can last up to 30 seconds before decaying or being transferred into either short- or long-term memory

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24
Q

Modal model

A

Memory is divided into three separate storage areas: sensory, short-term, and long-term

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25
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

LTM; a very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image with a particular emotionally arousing event

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26
Q

Reconstruction

A

Occurs when we fit together pieces of an event that seems likely

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27
Q

Source amnesia

A

One likely cause of memory reconstruction; we attribute the event to a different source than it actually came from

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28
Q

Framing

A

Elizabeth Lofus; demonstrated that repeated suggestions and misleading questions can create false memories

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29
Q

Proactive interference

A

When previously memorized information interferes with the ability to learn and memorize new information

30
Q

Language key features

A
  1. Language is arbitrary
  2. Language has structure
  3. Language has multiplicity of structure
  4. Language is productive
  5. Language is dynamic
31
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest units of speech in a given language that are still distinct in sound from each other

32
Q

Morphemes

A

Formed by combined phonemes; the smallest semantically meaningful parts of language

33
Q

Grammar

A

The set of rules by which language is constructed

34
Q

Syntax

A

The set o rules used in the arrangement of morphemes into meaningful sentences

35
Q

Semantics

A

Word meaning or word choice

36
Q

Prosody

A

The rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech

37
Q

Holophrases

A

Single terms that are applied by the infant to broad categories of things

38
Q

Overextension

A

Results from the infant not knowing enough words to express something fully

39
Q

Underextension

A

When a child thinks that his or her mama is the only mama

40
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Two or three word groups; ex “mommy food”

41
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Errors in which the rules of language are overextended, such as saying, “I goed to the store”

42
Q

Noam Chonsky

A

Postulated a system for the organization of language based on the concept of what he referred to as transformational grammar

43
Q

Transformational grammar

A

Differentiates between: surface structure of language: the superficial way in which the words are arranged in a text or in speech; deep structure of language: the underlying meaning of words

44
Q

Language acquisition device

A

Facilitates the acquisition of language in children, and a critical period for the learning of language

45
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

A noted behaviorist; countered Chomsky’s argument for language acquisition; explored the idea of the “language acquisition support system” which is the language-rich or language-poor environment the child is exposed to while growing up

46
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

In collaboration with Edward Sapir, proposed a theory of linguistic relativity, according to which speakers of different languages develop different cognitive systems as a result of their differences in language

47
Q

Concept

A

A way of grouping or classifying the world around us

48
Q

Typicality

A

The degree to which an object fits the average

49
Q

Prototype

A

Ex. The image of a chair that pops into our head when we hear the word “chair”

50
Q

Subordinate concept

A

Very broad and encompasses a large of items, such as the concept of food

51
Q

Basic concept

A

Smaller and more specific; ex. Bread

52
Q

Subordinate concept

A

Even smaller and more specific; rye bread

53
Q

Cognition

A

Encompasses the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, remembering, using, and constructing knowledge

54
Q

Reasoning

A

The drawing of conclusions from evidence

55
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

The process of drawing logical conclusions from general statements

56
Q

Syllogisms

A

Deductive conclusions drawn from two premises

57
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

The process of drawing general inferences from specific observations

58
Q

Problem-solving

A

Involves the removal of one or more impediments to the finding of a solution in a situation

59
Q

Divergent thinking

A

The process we use if many correct answers are possible; ex brainstorming

60
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Process we use if the problem can be solved only by one answer; requires narrowing of the many choices available

61
Q

Heuristics

A

Intuitive rules of thumb that may or may not be used in a given situation; used when solving well structured problems

62
Q

Availability heuristics

A

Means that the rule of thumb is judged by what events come readily to mind

63
Q

Representativeness heiristic

A

Can lead to incorrect conclusions; we judge objects and events interns of how closely they match the prototype of that object or event

64
Q

Algorithms

A

Contrasts with heuristics; systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problem

65
Q

Insight

A

The sudden understanding of a problem or a potential strategy for solving a problem that usually involves conceptualizing the problem in a new way

66
Q

Mental set

A

Fixed frame of mind, that we use when approaching the problems; ex. Functional fixedness: the tendency to assume that a given item is only useful for the task for which it was designed

67
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The search for information that supports a particular view, also hinders problem-solving by distorting objectivity

68
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency after the fact to think you knew what the outcome would be

69
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Affects problem-solving; a person only sees the evidence that supports a particular position, despite evidence presented to the contrary

70
Q

Creativity

A

Defined as the process of producing something novel yet worthwhile

71
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Had a chimp in a cage with two sticks; the novel approach of combining the two sticks was presumably the result of insight

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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