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AP Psychology > Chapter 5- History > Flashcards

Chapter 5- History Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior

A

A natural process subject to natural laws, refers to the observable actions of a person or an animal

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2
Q

Mind

A

Refers to sensations, memories, motives, emotions, thoughts, and other subjective phenomena particular to an individual or animal that are not readily observed

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3
Q

First to speculate on the nature of the mind

A

Ancient Greeks

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4
Q

Plato

A

Student of Socrates; argued that humans posses innate knowledge that is not obtained simply by observing the physical world

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5
Q

Aristotle

A

Student of Plato; believed that we derive truth from the physical world; his application and systematic observation of the world laid the basis for the scientific method

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6
Q

Dualism

A

Raised by the early Greeks; divides the world and all things I it into two parts: body and spirit

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7
Q

Brain

A

The command center of the central nervous system

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8
Q

Scientific revolution

A

1600-1700; when great discoveries were being made in biology, astronomy, and other sciences

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9
Q

René Descartes

A

1596-1650; believed that the physical world is not under the divine influence but rather follows a set of observable laws or rules; reflexes

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10
Q

Mind according to Descartes

A

The mind controls the body with the body provides the mind with sensory input for it to decipher; believed interaction took place in pineal gland

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11
Q

Reflexes

A

Not controlled by the mind; an immediate, unconscious reaction to an environmental event, such as pulling your hand away from a flame

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12
Q

John Locke

A

1632-1704; extended Descartes’ application of natural laws to all things, believing that even the mind is under control of such laws; empiricism; tabula rasa; nurture over nature

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13
Q

Empiricism

A

Locke’s school of thought; the acquisition of truth through observations and experiences

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14
Q

Tabula rasa

A

Humans are born knowing nothing; blank slate; used to describe the mind of a child

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15
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

1588-1679; believed that the use of a soul or spirit, or even of a mind, is meaningless; materialism which influenced behaviorism

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16
Q

Materialism

A

The belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy; what we experience is simply a by-product of the machinery of the brain; greatly influenced behaviorism

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17
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1809-1882; published “On the Origin of Species” in 1859; in the book proposed theory of natural selection

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18
Q

Natural selection

A

All creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time; individuals that are best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive to reproduce; this process selects physical and behavior characteristics that promote survival in a particular environment

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19
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Provides a way to explain differences between species and justifying the use of animals as a means to study the roots of human behavior

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20
Q

Wilhelmina Wundt

A

1832-1920; the founder of the science of psychology; opened a lab in Leipzig, Germany on 1879 to study consciousness

21
Q

Edward Titchner

A

1867-1927; student in Wundt’s lab; one of the first to bring psychology to the US; sought to identify the smallest possible elements of the mind; structuralism

22
Q

Structuralism

A

Theory that understanding all of the parts of the mind would lead to the understanding of the greater structure of the mind; looking for patterns in thought

23
Q

Introspection

A

Looking for patterns in thought, which are illuminated through interviews with a subject describing his or her conscious experience

24
Q

William James

A

1842-1910; and American psychologist who opposed the structuralist approach; argued that the function of the mind was more important; functionalism; influenced by Darwin

25
Q

Functionalism

A

Influenced by Darwin; how the mind fulfills its purpose

26
Q

Psychology

A

The study of behavior and the mind; uses systematic observation and collection of data to try to answer questions about the mind and behavior and their interaction

27
Q

Materialism

A

The belief that the only things that exist are matter and energy

28
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Published “On the Origin of Species”; proposed natural selection; individuals that are best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive to reproduce; evolutionary theory

29
Q

Natural selection

A

All creatures have evolved into their present state over long periods of time

30
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Set the stage for psychology by providing a way to explain differences between species and justifying the use of animals as a means to study the roots of human behavior

31
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founder of the science of psychology; used physiology to study the mind

32
Q

Edward Titchener

A

A student in Wundt’s lab; first to bring psychology to the U.S.; identify smallest possible elements of the mind; structuralism; introspection

33
Q

Structuralism

A

Looking for patterns in thought; to understand greater structure of the mind

34
Q

Introspection

A

Structuralism illuminated through interviews with a subject describing his or her conscious experience

35
Q

William James

A

American psychologist who opposed the structuralist approach; function of mind is more important; influenced by Darwin; functionalism

36
Q

Functionalism

A

Function-oriented approach that states it is important to understand how the mind fulfills its purpose

37
Q

Biological psychology

A

The field of psychology that seeks to understand the interactions between anatomy, physiology, and behavior; practiced by directly applying biological experimentation to physiological problems; uses CAT scans, MRIs, EEGs, or PET scans

38
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

The field of psychology that emphasizes that particular behaviors are attributed to particular, genetically-based psychological characteristics; takes account for biological and environmental factors

39
Q

Behaviorism

A

Posits that psychology is the study of observable behavior; classical conditioning; John Watson; B.F. Skinner; behavior modification

40
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov; a basic form of learning in which a behavior comes to be elicited by a formally neutral stimulus; applied by John Watson in the “Little Albert Experiment”

41
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Through the development of his Skinner Box, described operant conditioning in which a subject learns to associate a behavioral response with an environmental outcome

42
Q

Behavior modification

A

A set of techniques in which psychological problems are considered to be the product of learned habits, which can be unlearned by the application of behavioral methods

43
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

An approach rooted in the idea that to understand people’s behavior, we must first understand how they construe their environment, or how they think; combines both the structuralist approach of looking at the subcomponents of thought and the functionalist approach of understanding the purpose of thought

44
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Rooted in the philosophical tradition of studying the roles of consciousness, free will, and awareness of the human condition; psychologists emphasize personal values and goals and how they influence behavior; Abraham Maslow; self-actualization; Carl Rogers; unconditional positive regard

45
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Proposed the idea of self-actualization, the need for individuals to reach their full potential in a creative way; accepting yourself and your nature, while knowing your limits and strengths

46
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Stressed the role of unconditional positive regard in interactions and the need for positive self-concept as critical factors in attaining self-actualization

47
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud; theory of human behavior; distinction between conscious and unconscious; stresses importance of childhood experiences and a child’s relationship with his or her parents to the development of personality; uncovering info that has been depressed: buried in unconscious

48
Q

Sociocultural

A

Believe that the environment a person lives in has a great deal to do with how the person behaves and how others perceive that behavior

49
Q

Evolutionary approach

A

Focuses on the theories of Darwin; behavior can be explained in terms of how adaptive that behavior is to our own survival

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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