Chapter 9: Science, Religion and Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Ecclesia

A

State religions
Specific religious beliefs adopted at governmental level and becomes a nation’s official religion

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2
Q

Major Religions of the World

A

Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism

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3
Q

Denominations

A

Different types of religions

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4
Q

Sects

A

Smaller religious groups that have broken away from larger churches at some point in their history
Greater risk of being deviantized

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5
Q

Cults

A

Smaller than sects, frequently only a handful of members
A single, charismatic leader serves as inspiration, convincing followers that the secret to salvation is within that group
Greater risk of being deviantized
Tension is usually high

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6
Q

Deviancy Amplification

A

When a deviantized group becomes more extreme as a response to hostilities or social control efforts from outsiders

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7
Q

Levels of Tension

A

Magnitude of the differences between the sect and society
The level of antagonism that the sect feels for society
The extent to which the sect separates itself from the larger world
Public attitudes toward sects
How authorities interact with them

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8
Q

Cult Portrayal in Media

A

Cult menace - highlighting dangers of brainwashing and physical harm
Threatening and dangerous, which contributes to moral panic

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Anti-Cult Movement

A

Initially consisted of parents whose hippie children had joined new religious groups that were part of the countercultural movement
Parents were concerned because their children has severed ties with their families and feared their children would be brainwashed
Their goal is to spread information about the dangers of these religious groups
Only targets groups that are dangerous or destructive

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11
Q

Counter Cult Movement

A

Members are overwhelmingly opposed to religious freedom
Primarily conservative Christians drawn from certain evangelical denominations
Concerned about groups having the “wrong” religious beliefs

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12
Q

Resisting Deviant Labels

A

Using the media to advocate and educate the public
Recruitment
Academia question the distinctions of groups and raised criticism

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13
Q

Individual Level of Social Typing

A

The religious belief systems we adhere to present us with guidelines for our own behavior, dictate how we should evaluate the behaviors or others and influence how we interact with people

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14
Q

Societal Level of Social Typing

A

When specific religious belief systems become institutionalized by the government as the foundation for governmental policy and law

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15
Q

Witch Persecutions

A

Witches were in league with Satan
Accused were followers of pre-Christian religion, women who were financially independent or outlived their husbands, women who used herbs and other natural techniques for childbirth pain, peasants
Tortured to elicit confessions
Killed by decapitation, burning at the stake, hanging, etc

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16
Q

Residential Schooling

A

Assimilating Indigenous people
Residential Schooling Policy - hoped to guarantee assimilation by placing children in residential schools
Truth and Reconciliation Commission - making amends

17
Q

Victorian Child Savers Movement

A

Essential to child welfare reforms, compulsory education legislation, alcohol prohibition, government policies
Social Gospel informed theology - Christian principles were applied in real world settings to solve social problems
Especially interested in welfare of children

18
Q

Science

A

Knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method
Nature of reality and the way the world works, ethical and moral claims embedded in the scientific belief system

19
Q

Scientific Misconduct

A

Practices deemed unacceptable because they intentionally manipulate research outcomes
Ex. data falsification, fabrication, plagiarism

20
Q

Bad Apple/Person Theory

A

Just a few bad scientists commit deviant acts in their work for similar reasons
Misconduct is rare

21
Q

Iceberg Theory

A

The scientists whose misconduct is detected is just the tip of the iceberg

22
Q

Post Academic Science

A

The company conducts the research in corporate research institutes that lie outside of academic settings and outside university regulations governing research

23
Q

Ghostwriting

A

An industry public relations company or medical communications company writes the research article and then scientists within academia are paid to have their names listed as the authors

24
Q

Commercialization

A

Can provide the public with false information about the nature of scientific knowledge on important policy issues

25
Q

Normative Structure of Science (Merton)

A

Communism - scientists give up rights to knowledge that they create so knowledge is shared by all
Skepticism - all ideas are subjected to scrutiny
Disinterestedness - scientific work is done in the name of truth rather than personal gain or interest
Universalism - knowledge is free from biases based on characteristics

26
Q

Controlling Scientific Misconduct

A

Science as Self Governing - controlled by the normative structure of science
Coercive measures to punish misconduct - applied through institutional research boards
Measures to promote research integrity - used to prevent misconduct from the outset

27
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Applied Darwinian concept of evolution to history and society