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SOC 224 > Chapter 2: Explaining Deviance > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Explaining Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Objective Interests = Positivist Approach

A

Study the deviant person, behavior or characteristic

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2
Q

Subjective Interests = Interpretive and Critical Approachs

A

Study perceptions of and reactions to the act

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3
Q

Positivist Approaches

A

Functionalist Theories, Learning Theories, Control Theories

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3
Q

Functionalist Theories

A

Social structures fulfill manifest and latent functions
Deviance occurs when there is social change and a social institution is no longer functioning
Society is based on consensus

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4
Q

Manifest Function

A

The intention of the social institution

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5
Q

Latent Function

A

Unintended things that you learn through the social institutions

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6
Q

Durkheim’s Anomie Theory

A

Deviance increases social solidarity and tests moral boundaries
A certain level of deviance is functional for society because it can bring people together

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7
Q

Anomie

A

The breakdown of social norms caused by rapid social change

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8
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

Consensus of similar values and beliefs
Unity in rural areas

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9
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

Reliance on other people
Unity in urban areas

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10
Q

Merton’s Anomie and Strain Theory

A

There is discrepancy between the American Dream and the means to reach it so this created deviance
Anomie is created when the goals become more important than the means

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11
Q

Conformity

A

They believed in the American Dream and used legitimate means to get there

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12
Q

Innovation

A

They believe in the American Dream but they use illegitimate means to achieve it
They turn to criminality to make money

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13
Q

Ritualism

A

They have abandoned the idea of the American Dream but they use legitimate means to achieve their own dream

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14
Q

Retreatism

A

They have given up on both the American Dream and the means
They have withdrawn themselves from society

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15
Q

Rebellion

A

They try to change the goals and replace them with their own goals and means to achieve it
They are against the status quo

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16
Q

Cloward and Ohlin Differential Opportunity Theory

A

Argued that the reason that people deviate is because of opportunities
Some neighborhoods have more access to legitimate means to achieve the American Dream

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17
Q

Agnew’s Strain Theory

A

The most commonly used theory
Strain creates negative affect or negative emotion
Social structures create strain and influences the coping strategies used

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18
Q

General Strain Theory Coping Strategies: Emotional Strategies

A

Reducing the negative emotions

18
Q

General Strain Theory Coping Strategies: Cognitive Strategies

A

Thinking about the strain differently
Reinterpreting the strain to offset the negative emotions

19
Q

General Strain Theory Coping Strategies: Behavioral Strategies

A

Change the source of the strain or eliminate the strain itself

20
Q

Limitations of Functionalist Theories

A

Focuses more on the purpose of the institutions rather than why the institutions need to meet certain societal goals
There is needless repetition of ideas
Inherently supportive of the status quo
Deviance is identified as a lower class phenomenon
Developed largely based on male experience

21
Q

Learning Theories Assumptions

A

Deviance is learned

22
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory

A

Rather than society as a whole, deviance is learned through small groups
Through these groups, individuals learn skills and motives for certain kinds of behaviors

23
Q

Differential Association Theory: Frequency

A

The groups we interact with more frequently have the greatest impact on our behavior

24
Q

Differential Association Theory: Duration

A

Longer interactions are more impactful than short

25
Q

Differential Association Theory: Priority

A

People that we interact with from a young age have the biggest impact on behavior

26
Q

Differential Association Theory: Intensity

A

The more important a group is to us, the more influential they would be

27
Q

Social Learning Theory: Definitions

A

Attitudes about the acceptability of certain behaviors

28
Q

Social Learning Theory: Differential Association

A

The people that one associates with

29
Q

Social Learning Theory: Differential Reinforcement

A

Rewards and punishments

30
Q

Sykes and Matza’s Neutralization Theory

A

Rationalization for the behavior that is engaged in even when they know that it is wrong

31
Q

Neutralization Theory: Denial of Responsibility

A

Shifting the blame onto something else

32
Q

Neutralization Theory: Denial of Injury

A

The perception that what they have done does not harm anyone else

33
Q

Neutralization Theory: Denial of the Victim

A

The perception that the victim of the behavior was somehow deserving of it

34
Q

Neutralization Theory: Condemnation of the Condemners

A

Shifts the focus from them onto another person exhibiting deviant behavior

35
Q

Neutralization Theory: Appealing to Higher Loyalties

A

The deviant behavior is justified as serving a higher purpose

36
Q

Limitations of Learning Theories

A

Most research looks at these techniques used after an act has occurred instead of before an act has occurred
Techniques of neutralization may vary across different types of deviant behavior or contexts

37
Q

Social Control Theories

A

Focuses on why people do not deviate
Focuses on what causes conformity

38
Q

Social Bonds Theory

A

Four different types of social bonds restrain us from deviating

39
Q

Social Bonds Theory: Attachment

A

Parents, teachers, peers
Greater levels of emotional attachment leave us more bound to conformity

40
Q

Social Bonds Theory: Commitment

A

Commitment to conventional activities such as school, work, extracurriculars grounds us more in the conventional world

41
Q

Social Bonds Theory: Belief

A

Having beliefs and values connects people more deeply to the conventional world

42
Q

Social Bonds Theory: Involvement

A

Involvement in conventional activities
People who are involved in many activities do not have extra time to deviate

43
Q

Self Control Theory (General Theory of Crime)

A

Level of self-control is what makes someone more likely to deviate
Self control is learned through socialization

44
Q

Limitations of Control Theories

A

Self-control is not defined enough
Self-control varies in different situations

SOC 224 (11 decks)

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