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Sociology > Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What event catalyzed discussions on racial profiling and “Stand Your Ground Laws”?

A

The death of Trayvon Martin at the hands of George Zimmerman.

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2
Q

What is racial profiling?

A

The use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone.

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3
Q

What was the outcome of George Zimmerman’s trial?

A

He was found not guilty of second-degree murder.

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4
Q

What impact did European colonization have on Native American populations?

A

Their numbers dwindled from over 1 million to about 240,000 by 1900 due to violence, disease, and conflict.

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5
Q

Describe the history of African Americans in the U.S. during the colonial period.
A: They were forcibly transported, sold, and abused as slaves, leading to significant violence against them.

A
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6
Q

What term describes the segregation and violence against African Americans in the South from the 1870s to the 1960s?

A

Jim Crow racism.

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7
Q

What is nativism?

A

Anti-immigrant sentiment that led to violence against groups like Catholics and Chinese immigrants.

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8
Q

Who noted the conflict between American ideals and the reality of discrimination against African Americans in 1944?

A

Gunnar Myrdal.

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9
Q

What did the Kerner Commission report in 1968?

A

The U.S. was moving toward “two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal.”

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10
Q

What is the current sociological view on race?

A

Race is more of a social construct than a biological reality.

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11
Q

What is the definition of ethnicity?

A

Shared social, cultural, and historical experiences stemming from a common background.

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12
Q

Define a minority group.

A

A group singled out for unequal treatment due to physical or cultural traits.

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13
Q

What are the three forms of contact between racial and ethnic groups?

A

Conquest, annexation, and immigration.

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14
Q

Differentiate between prejudice and discrimination.

A

Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behavior.

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15
Q

What is racism?

A

The belief that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior to one’s own group.

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16
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Simplified, mistaken generalizations about people based on their race or ethnicity.

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17
Q

What theory posits that prejudice develops from harsh parenting styles?

A

Adorno’s theory of the authoritarian personality.

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18
Q

What is the scapegoat theory of prejudice?

A

It suggests that frustrated individuals blame lower status groups for their problems.

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19
Q

What is the social learning theory’s view on prejudice?

A

Prejudice is learned through socialization and conformity to cultural norms.

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20
Q

What form of racism involves the belief that certain cultures are inferior?

A

Cultural racism.

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21
Q

Define institutional racism.

A

Racism embedded in the fabric of society, affecting systems and institutions.

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22
Q

What is colorism?

A

Prejudice based on skin tone within a racial group, where lighter skin is often favored over darker skin.

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23
Q

Define discrimination.

A

The arbitrary denial of rights, privileges, and opportunities to members of subordinate groups.

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24
Q

What are the four categories of people based on prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory actions?

A

Active Bigots
All-weather Liberals
Timid Bigots
Fair-weather Liberals

25
Q

Who are Active Bigots?

A

Individuals who are both prejudiced and discriminatory.

26
Q

Who are All-weather Liberals?

A

Individuals who are neither prejudiced nor discriminatory.

27
Q

Describe Timid Bigots.

A

Individuals who are prejudiced but do not discriminate due to fear of legal consequences.

28
Q

What are Fair-weather Liberals?

A

People who are not prejudiced but still discriminate due to peer pressure.

29
Q

What is individual discrimination?

A

Discrimination practiced by individuals in their daily lives, often stemming from prejudice.

30
Q

What is institutional discrimination?

A

Discrimination that pervades the practices of whole institutions, affecting large groups based on race or ethnicity.

31
Q

Give an example of individual discrimination.

A

African Americans facing discrimination in stores and restaurants, or being harassed by police.

32
Q

How does institutional discrimination impact health care?

A

People of color often have higher disease rates and less access to medical procedures compared to whites.

33
Q

What is redlining?

A

Practices that limit access to loans and insurance in certain neighborhoods, affecting predominantly minority communities.

34
Q

What does Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 address?

A

It bans racial discrimination in employment, yet inequality persists.

35
Q

Define genocide.

A

The deliberate annihilation of a targeted subordinate group.

36
Q

What is expulsion in the context of intergroup relations?

A

A subordinate group being forced to leave an area or country by a dominant group.

37
Q

Differentiate between de jure and de facto segregation.

A

De jure is enforced by law, while de facto occurs by custom or tradition.

38
Q

What was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?

A

It declared that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,” ending de jure segregation.

39
Q

What is hypersegregation?

A

A pattern of extreme residential segregation, where African Americans are isolated in certain neighborhoods.

40
Q

How do sociologists measure segregation?

A

Using segregation indices that scale from zero (most integrated) to 100 (least integrated).

41
Q

What impact does housing discrimination have on communities of color?

A

It contributes to concentrated poverty and limits access to resources and opportunities.

42
Q

What do statistics reveal about racial and ethnic inequality in the U.S.?

A

They show disparities in income, education, and health among different racial and ethnic groups.

43
Q

How do African Americans, Latinx Americans, and Native Americans compare to Whites and Asian Americans?

A

They have lower family incomes, higher poverty rates, and are less likely to have college degrees.

44
Q

What are the infant mortality rates for African Americans and Native Americans compared to Whites?

A

African American infants are more than twice as likely to die as White infants.

45
Q

How does ethnicity affect the experiences of different groups?

A

For example, Cuban Americans generally fare better than Puerto Ricans and Central Americans.

46
Q

Despite higher overall indicators, what challenges do Asian Americans face?

A

They experience stereotypes, discrimination, and a significant increase in hate crimes.

47
Q

What longstanding explanations exist for racial and ethnic inequality?

A

They include beliefs in biological or cultural inferiority of minority groups.

48
Q

What does the structural explanation suggest about racial inequality?

A

It attributes inequality to institutional and individual discrimination, educational inequalities, and housing segregation.

49
Q

What did W. E. B. Du Bois identify as the major issue of the 20th century?

A

The problem of the color line.

50
Q

What mixed outcomes have characterized racial issues in the U.S. in the 2020s?

A

While legal segregation is outlawed and racism has declined, modern cultural racism and institutional discrimination persist.

51
Q

What is Affirmative Action?

A

Policies and practices that promote equal opportunity for minorities and women in employment and education.

52
Q

What landmark case upheld the use of race as a criterion for college admissions?

A

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003).

53
Q

What arguments do opponents of affirmative action make?

A

They argue it results in discrimination and implies beneficiaries are less qualified.

54
Q

What reasons do supporters of affirmative action provide?

A

They cite historical discrimination, lack of access to opportunities, and the need for diversity.

55
Q

How has immigration shaped American society?

A

Increased immigration has led to greater diversity but also competition for jobs and resources.

56
Q

How do perceptions of crime relate to immigration?

A

Research shows immigrants have lower crime rates and contribute to community stability.

57
Q

What demographic shift is projected for the U.S. by 2060?

A

Whites will make up less than 44% of the population, while Latinx individuals are projected to increase significantly.

58
Q

What potential challenges may arise from changing demographics?

A

Increased competition for jobs and resources may lead to more racial and ethnic strife.

59
Q

What is the urgency in light of changing racial and ethnic dynamics?

A

It is crucial to foster mutual understanding and eliminate discrimination.

Sociology (12 decks)

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