Chapter 4 Socialization

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

The process by which people learn their culture.

Question 2

Without [_], culture could not exist.

Answer 2

socialization

Question 3

[_] determines which parts of personality will be encouraged or discouraged, depending on the values of the culture.

Answer 3

Society

Question 4

Harry and Margaret Harlow conducted experiments on young monkeys

Answer 4

Monkeys were separated from their mothers and either raised in isolation or with fake wire mothers covered in soft material; All the monkeys developed abnormally; They struggled to interact with other monkeys; Female monkeys, in particular, often abused their own young later in life.

Question 5

Institutionalized children show the effects of limited social interaction

Answer 5

Proper growth requires more meaningful social interaction and emotional connection.

Question 6

Agents of socialization

Answer 6

The arenas in which we interact and in which the socialization process happens; Family; School; Peers; The media; Religion.

Question 7

Family

Answer 7

Families teach people their first lessons about material and non-material culture.

Question 8

Three factors related to social location also impact how families socialize their children

Answer 8

Social class; Biological sex; Race-ethnicity.

Question 9

Social class

Answer 9

A parent’s social class can impact a child’s lessons and expectations.

Question 10

Example of social class

Answer 10

Working-class parents often emphasize obedience; Middle-class parents typically encourage independence.

Question 11

Biological sex

Answer 11

Parents often treat children differently based on their biological sex.

Question 12

Example of biological sex

Answer 12

Families engage in gender socialization, teaching children to act and think ‘like girls’ or ‘like boys.’

Question 13

Racial socialization

Answer 13

Involves messages and practices related to a person’s racial-ethnic status.

Question 14

Example of race-ethnicity

Answer 14

Families teach children how to think and act as members of their own race-ethnicity; Families also guide how children perceive and interact with people from different races.

Question 15

Drs. Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted ‘baby doll’ studies

Answer 15

Black children showed a positive bias towards dolls with lighter skin tones; The same children exhibited a negative bias towards dolls with darker skin tones.

Question 16

Hidden curriculum

Answer 16

Part of the schooling process that gets children to accept, without questioning, the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found is part of the socialization process.

Question 17

Peers

Answer 17

Exert influence over matters of lifestyle and teach values about friendship and loyalty. Peers’ importance decreases as we age, though they still play an important role in people’s lives.

Question 18

Mass media

Answer 18

Defined as any communications media, like television, radio, newspapers and social media, which reaches a mass audience. The mass media entertains, informs, and exposes people to different points of view. Determining its influence is difficult since people pick and choose different forms.

Question 19

Social media

Answer 19

Computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of thoughts, ideas and information.

Question 20

Social concerns of social media

Answer 20

Proliferation of conspiracy theories; Misogynic
depictions of women

Question 21

Religiosity

Answer 21

Reflects how often people practice the rituals associated with religion.

Question 22

There are fewer stages of the [_] in pre-industrial societies compared to industrial and postindustrial societies.

Answer 22

life course

Question 23

Post-industrial stages of the life course

Answer 23

Childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age.

Question 24

Socialization through the life course is divided into [_] phases.

Answer 24

two

Question 25

Primary socialization

Answer 25

Involves learning the basic skills necessary to function in society

Question 26

Secondary socialization

Answer 26

Occurs during and after childhood and involves interaction with groups and social institutions.

Question 27

Rite of passage

Answer 27

An event that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another.

Question 28

Age cohort

Answer 28

People may perceive events similarly

Question 29

Age structure

Answer 29

Refers to the proportion of people of various ages.

Question 30

Childhood

Answer 30

Has lifelong consequences and is particularly influenced by one’s social location.

Question 31

Adolescence

Answer 31

Incorporates both biological changes (puberty) as well as social pressures from peers to fit in.

Question 32

Adulthood

Answer 32

Ranges from age 18 to 64. Once people reach adulthood, they tend to settle down and their behavior improves.

Question 33

Resocialization

Answer 33

Process where people learn new values and norms in conjunction with a change in status.

Question 34

Total institutions

Answer 34

Which are organizations that have complete control over the lives of the people who live in them, like a prison, military boot camp or psychiatric hospital.

Question 35

Degradation ceremony

Answer 35

Where the new resident is publicly humiliated, then the staff of the total institution uses a system of rewards and punishments to make the new member compliant.

Question 36

Radicalization

Answer 36

Process of developing extremist ideologies and beliefs.

Question 37

Social structure has to have an opening to allow for radical thought as well as the opportunity to be radicalized via [_].

Answer 37

social interaction

Question 38

Macro-level perspectives

Answer 38

View socialization in terms of its effect on society

Question 39

Micro-level perspective

Answer 39

Examines how the individual develops as they interact with other members of society.

Question 40

Macro-level sociological explanations

Answer 40

Functionalist; Conflict

Question 41

Micro-level sociological explanations

Answer 41

Symbolic interactionists

Question 42

Functionalist Perspective

Answer 42

Socialization is necessary to teach people the same values, norms and beliefs, which promotes social cohesion for society.

Question 43

Conflict Perspective

Answer 43

Socialization is the means through which the powerful are able to reproduce inequality by controlling which values and beliefs are taught.

Question 44

Conflict Perspective example

Answer 44

Horatio Alger myth promotes a ‘pull yourself up by your bootstraps’ ideology that denies or ignores social forces preventing social mobility.

Question 45

Symbolic interactionists

Answer 45

The self (one’s identity, self-concept and self-image) is a social product that develops within the social context, as the culture encourages traits deemed useful and prunes away (through disinterest) traits which do not benefit the group.

Question 46

Looking-Glass Self theory

Answer 46

Charles Horton Cooley argued that people gain an impression of who they are by using other people’s reactions to them.

Question 47

Role-Taking and Stages of Self

Answer 47

George Herbert Mead explained that when children play, they take on the role of the other (pretending to be other people as a way of learning and internalizing social expectations), and in this way practice the roles they will eventually assume in society.

Question 48

Dramaturgy theory

Answer 48

originated by Erving Goffman the which is the idea that we can understand social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance.

Question 49

Impression management

Answer 49

How people will attempt to convey a positive and convincing impression of themselves as they act their part; Requires an understanding of setting and the norms of the setting (which is part of one’s cultural capital).

Question 50

Impression management example

Answer 50

A person with a wealthy background will understand the nuances of a job interview better than a person from poverty, thus increasing their chances of getting a job offer.

Question 51

Front stage

Answer 51

Our public face that is more affected by social expectations

Question 52

Backstage

Answer 52

Our private face which reflects our more authentic self.

Question 53

There are two outcomes of socialization: [_].

Answer 53

the development of the self and the replication of culture

Question 54

Concerns about a growing divide in the American culture will only be addressed when people are socialized to seek [] rather than [].

Answer 54

compromise; dissent