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Patient Care > Chapter 9 Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination) of the body

A

disease

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2
Q

What causes disease?

A

microorganisms

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3
Q

Disease can cause an absence of _____

A

health

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4
Q

Healthcare practitioners must have an understanding of what infectious diseases are and ________

A

how they are spread and how they are controlled

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5
Q

An establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host, resulting in injury to the host

A

infection

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6
Q

What causes an infection?

A

pathogenic organism

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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of pathogens?

A

-multiply and cause obstructions
-cause tissue damage
-secrete organic substances called exotoxins

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8
Q

Exotoxins cause _____

A

side effects

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9
Q

What are the 6 microorganisms?

A

bacteria, Ricketts, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa

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10
Q

A small/microscopic single-celled organisms that have cell walls and an atypical nucleus but lack a membrane. They also occur in various shapes and groupings.

A

bacteria

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11
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

gram stain and acid process

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12
Q

Bacterial forms that are resistant and remain viable for many years:

A

endospores

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13
Q

What are other examples of bacteria?

A

staph, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, food poisoning, and salmonella

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14
Q

These lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles:

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

Bacteria reside in host as a group or cluster is called?

A

a colony

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16
Q

What are bacteria classified as when using the gram staining method?

A

cocci, bacilli, (spheres, rods, and spirals)

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17
Q

Atypical bacteria that grows inside animal cells (particularly rodents) and are transmitted by insect vectors:

A

ricketts

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18
Q

What are examples of Ricketts?

A

rocky mountain spotted fever and typhus fever

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19
Q

These small sub cellular organisms consist of genetic material protected by a protein coating called a capsid:

A

viruses

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20
Q

Why can’t viruses survive without a host?

A

they lack components for their own survival

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21
Q

What are examples of viruses?

A

COVID-19, influenza, common cold, HIV, hepatitis, and herpes

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22
Q

What do viruses do to multiply?

A

they carry their own DNA or RNA and viral particles (visions), attach to the host cell, and insert its own genetic information. It then redirects host cell to produce new viruses

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23
Q

How do you directly observe a virus?

A

through an electron microscope

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24
Q

Viruses may lie dormant for extended periods of time and then manifest illness but are also unaffected by _______

A

antibiotics

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25
Q

These can occur as single-celled organisms called yeast and form buds to reproduce. They can also occur as long branched filament-like structures called mold and form spores to reproduce:

A

fungi

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26
Q

How many different type of fungi are there?

A

over 100,000

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27
Q

Fungi a key in production of ________

A

alcohol, breads, and penicillin (PCN)

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28
Q

Fungi are very opportunistic ______

A

infections

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29
Q

This medically important fungi grows into a single-celled yeast and into filamentous hyphae, known as mold:

A

dimorphic fungi

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30
Q

Fungi causes things like ________

A

athlete’s foot and ringworm

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31
Q

This has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles:

A

Eukaryotic (eukaryotes)

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32
Q

The size of fungi, compared to bacteria are ______

A

much larger

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33
Q

What are diseases caused by fungi classified as?

A

-superficial: causes discoloration of the skin
-cutaneous: involve the keratinized tissue of the hair, nails, and skin
-subcutaneous: infection that enters host due to trauma to the skin
-systemic: that enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and may be fatal

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34
Q

These are the smallest and least understood microorganism. Method of replication is not understood

A

prions

35
Q

When were prions discovered?

A

1983

36
Q

Prions are believed to be infectious ________

A

proteins

37
Q

Prions can transform other proteins into prions but have no _______

A

DNA or RNA

38
Q

What are examples of prions?

A

spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and Alzheimer’s

39
Q

These complex single-celled animals generally exist in free-living organisms and are larger than bacteria:

A

protozoa

40
Q

Protozoa, like fungi have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles meaning they are:

A

eukaryotic

41
Q

Protozoa are equipped with a digestive system, therefore can _______

A

digest food particles

42
Q

Some protozoa are _______ and live within the human body

A

parasitic

43
Q

Where can protozoa cause a disease process in?

A

-digestive system
-respiratory system
-genitourinary
-circulatory system

44
Q

Protozoa are classified as:

A

-motile (moving)
-non-motile (non-moving)

45
Q

What is the cycle of infection?

A

-infectious organisms
-reservoir of infection
-portal of exist
-susceptible host
-portal of entry
-transmission of disease

46
Q

Infectious organisms are microorganisms capable of causing disease and are called:

A

pathogens or pathogenic organisms

47
Q

This distinguish pathogens from nonpathogenic organisms and normal flora:

A

virulence factors

48
Q

Who are often hosts because of a reduced immune system?

A

patients

49
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

hospital-acquired infection

50
Q

The route by which microorganisms gain access into the susceptible host:

A

portal of entry

51
Q

What are examples of portal of entry?

A

respiratory tract, urinary tract, GI (gastrointestinal) tract, open wound or break in skin, bloodstream, and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and skin.

52
Q

This is a place where pathogens can thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat to the host:

A

reservoir of infection

53
Q

What must a reservoir of infection have in order for pathogens to thrive?

A

moisture, nutrients, and sustainable temperature

54
Q

Reservoir of infection can be:

A

human or non human (ex: food, water, animals)

55
Q

This is any route through which blood, body fluids, excretions, or secretions leave the body:

A

portal of exit

56
Q

What are examples of portal of exit?

A

GI tract, open wound, respiratory tract, infected wound, bloodstream

57
Q

patients are often hosts because of reduced immune system and are considered:

A

susceptible host

58
Q

Healthcare workers are also at risk for being susceptible hosts because:

A

-exposure to blood and other bodily fluids
-can also spread a disease (important to practice hand-washing)
-occupationally acquired

59
Q

Explain transmission of disease and its importance in the cycle of infection

A

the most direct way to break the cycle of infection is to prevent transmission of the infectious organism from the reservoir to the susceptible host

60
Q

What are the 6 main routes of transmission?

A

-direct contact
-fomites
-vectors
-vehicles
-airborne
-droplet contamination

61
Q

An arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops or multiples before becoming infective to a new host:

A

vectors

62
Q

How does vector transmission occur?

A

when an infected insect bites host

63
Q

Examples of vectors?

A

-mosquitos (malaria)
-ticks (lyme disease)

64
Q

Infected person must touch susceptible host. Requires pathogens to be placed in ______ with susceptible tissue

A

direct contact

65
Q

Examples of Direct Contact:

A

HIV, staph infection, syphilis

66
Q

Any medium that transports microorganisms:

A

vehicles

67
Q

Examples of vehicles:

A

contaminated food, water, drugs, and blood

68
Q

An object that has been in contact with pathogenic organisms:

A

fomites

69
Q

Examples of fomites:

A

contaminated gloves, x-ray table, positioning sponges, and pens

70
Q

Occurs when an infectious individual coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings in the vicinity of a susceptible host. Also involves contact of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of a host with large droplets that contain microorganisms:

A

droplet contamination

71
Q

Examples of droplet contamination:

A

influenza, meningitis, diphtheria, streptococcal pneumonia

72
Q

droplets _____ travel far

A

does not

73
Q

Occurs from dust that contains spores or by means of droplet nuclei. They travel 3 feet or less and can remain suspended in the air for long periods. Can be inhaled:

A

airborne

74
Q

Particles of evaporated containing microorganisms:

A

droplet nuclei

75
Q

What are the body’s defense against infection?

A

-natural resistance
-acquired immunity (long-term)
-passive immunity (short-term)

76
Q

Provided by mechanical barriers of intact skin:

A

natural resistance

77
Q

Mucosal membranes:

A

-respiratory tract: cilia (small hairs) that trap foreign particles
-urinary tract: has outward flow
-gastrointestinal tract: secrete mucus which in turn catches microorganisms and takes them out of the body
-reproductive tract: mucus and tram microorganisms and flushes them from the body
-tears: contain the chemical lysozyme
-stomach: contains acid which helps destroy organisms
-phagocytosis: basically, the second line of defense, the foreign cell enters, and white blood cells come to the side and try to destroy it (ex: pimple)

78
Q

What type of immunity are we born with?

A

acquired immunity

79
Q

Antigens:

A

the body sees a foreign protein dn forms antibodies

80
Q

Occurs when an individual develops antibodies to a particular organism as a result of either infection or immunization:

A

acquired immunity (ex: chicken pox & measles)

81
Q

Occurs when following an infection or performed antibodies to a particular infection:

A

passive immunity (ex: infections after exposure to a virus like Hepatitis A)

82
Q

Newborns are temporarily immune because ______

A

the antibodies are passed from mother to baby

83
Q

If a baby is breastfed the antibodies ______

A

pass from mother to baby

Patient Care (5 decks)

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