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Nur 389 Test 2 > Chapter 9- Quantitative Research Designs > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Quantitative Research Designs Flashcards

0
Q

Def descriptive studies

A

Phenomena are described or the rship bx 2 variables is examined

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1
Q

Def exploratory studies

A

Conducted when little is known abt the phenomenon of interest

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2
Q

Def explanatory studies

A

Search for causal explanations and are much more rigorous than explanatory or descriptive

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3
Q

Experimental res is concerned with what type of rships?

A

Cause and effect

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4
Q

Def Extraneous variables

A

Variables that the researcher is not able to control or does not choose to control

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5
Q

What are extraneous variables aka?

A

Confounding
Intervening
Study limitations

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6
Q

Def internal validity

A

Degree to which changes in the dependant variable (effect) can be attributed to the independant variable (cause)

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7
Q

What are threats to internal validity?

A

Factors other than the independent variable that influence the dependant variable

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8
Q

Def external validity

A

The degree to which study results can be generalized to other ppl and other settings

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9
Q

As the researcher attempts to control for internal validity, external validity is usually _______

A

Decreased

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10
Q

Name the threats to internal validity (6)

A 
Selection bias
History
Maturation 
Testing
Instrument change
Mortality
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11
Q

Def selection bias

A

When study results are attributed to the experimental tx or the researchers manipulation of the independant variable, when in fact the results are related to subject differences before the independant variable was manipulated.

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12
Q

When shouldn selection threat be considered?

A

In experimental studies when subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and comparison groups

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13
Q

Def history threat

A

When some event besides the experimental tx occurs during the course of the study, and this event influences the dependent variable

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14
Q

How is history threat controlled

A

By the inclusion of at least one simultaneous control or comparison group in a study

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15
Q

Def maturation threat

A

When changes that occur within the subjects during the experimental study influence the study results

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16
Q

When does a testing threat occur

A

In studies where a pretest is given or where sects have knowledge of baseline data

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17
Q

Def testing threat

A

The influence of the pretest or knowledge of baseline data on the post test scores

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18
Q

Def Instrumentation change threat

A

The difference bx the pretest and post test measurements caused by a change in the accuracy of the instrument or the judges rating, rather than as a result of the experimental tx

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19
Q

How do judges factor into instrumentation changes?

A

Judges may become more adept at the ratings, or become tired and make less exact observations

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20
Q

Def mortality threat

A

When the subjects do not complete the study

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21
Q

3 threats to external validity

A

Hawthorne effect
Experimenter effect
Reactive effects of the pretest

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22
Q

Def Hawthorne effect

A

When study participants respond in a certain manner bc they a aware that they are being observed

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23
Q

How can researchers control the Hawthorne effect?

A

By using a double blind experiment

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24
Q

Def double blind experiment

A

Neither the researcher nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

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25
Q

Def experimenter effect

A

When researcher characteristics or behaviors influence subjects behaviors

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26
Q

Def rosenthal effect

A

Used to indicate the influence of the interviewer on respondents answers

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27
Q

Def reactive effects if the pretest

A

Occurs when subjects have been sensitized to the tx bc took the pretest

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28
Q

Symbolic representations of research designs

R, X, O

A 
R= random assignment of subjects to groups
X= experimental tx or intervention
O= observation or measurement of dependant variable
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29
Q

Def random assignment

A

A procedure that ensures that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned or placed in any of the groups in an experimental study

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30
Q

Name the 3 types of experimental designs

A

True experimental
Quasi experimental
Pre experimental

31
Q

Def true experimental designs

A

When the researcher has a great deal of control over the research situation

32
Q

3 criteria for experimental design

A

Researcher manipulates experimental variables
One experimental group and one control group
Subjects are randomly assigned

33
Q

Def manipulation

A

The independant or experimental variable is controlled by the researcher

34
Q

Def control group

A

Group in an experimental study that does not receive the experimental tx

35
Q

Comparison group

A

Any group in an experimental study that either receives no treatment or a treatment that is not thought to be as effective as the experimental treatment

36
Q

Def pretest- post test control group design

A

Subjects are randomly assigned to groups
Pretest given to both groups
Experimental group receives the tx and the comparison group receives the routine tx/no tx
Post test given to both groups

37
Q

Def post-test only control group design

A

Subjects are randomly assigned
Experimental group receives tx and the comparison group receives no/routine tx
Post-test given to both groups

38
Q

Def Solomon 4 group design

A

Subjects are randomly assigned to one of four groups
2 groups experimental and 2 comparison
Post test given to all 4 groups

39
Q

Advantages of the Solomon 4 - group design ( 2)

A

Most prestigious experimental design

Minimizes threats to internal and external validity

40
Q

Disadvantages of Solomon 4 group design

A

Design requires a large sample size

Statistical analysis of data is complicated

41
Q

Name the 3 true experiment designs

A

Pretest- post test control group design
Post test only control group design
Solomon 4 group design

42
Q

Def quasi experimental designs

A

Designs in which there is no comparison group or subjects are not randomly assigned to groups

43
Q

Name the two quasi experimental designs

A

Non-equivalent control group design

Time-series design

44
Q

Def non equivalent control group design

A

Similar to pre test post test design except for no random assignment of participants to the experimental and comparison groups

45
Q

Def time-series design

A

A researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects

46
Q

Def pre experimental designs

A

Experimental designs that are very weak and in which the researcher has little control over the research

47
Q

Name the 2 pre-experimental designs

A

One shot case study

One group pretest- post test design

48
Q

Def one shot case study

A

a single group is exposed to an experimental tx and observed after tx

49
Q

Def one group pretest - post test design

A

Provides a comparison bx a group of subjects before and after the experimental tx

50
Q

What is non experimental research

A

Descriptive research bc there is no manipulation or control over the variables

51
Q

Are there cause and effect rships in nonexperimental research?

A

No

52
Q

Name the types of non experimental designs (5)

A 
Survey studies
Correlational studies
Comparative studies
Methodological studies
Secondary analysis studies
53
Q

Def survey studies

A

Self report eat are collected from samples with the purpose of describing populations on some variables of interest

54
Q

What ways can survey studies be conducted

A

Phone
Mail
Internet
Interview

55
Q

What are the 2 most common data collection techniques in survey studies

A

Questionnaires

Interviews

56
Q

2 advantages of survey studies

A

Ability to provide accurate information on pops using relatively small samples

Large amt of data can be obtained rather quickly and with minimal cost

57
Q

Def correlational studies

A

Researchers examines strength of relationships bx variables by determining how changes in one variable x is related to another variable y

58
Q

Def correlation

A

The extent to which one variable x is related to another variable y

59
Q

Def Correlation coefficient

A

The magnitude and direction of the rship bx 2 variables

May be positive 1 or negative 1

60
Q

Def positive relationship

A

As the value of 1 variable increases. The other variable increases
Aka direct rship

61
Q

Def negative relationship

A

As the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases

Aka inverse relationship

62
Q

Def comparative studies

A

Examine the differences bx intact groups on some dependant variable of interest

63
Q

What is the difference bx comparative studies and experimental studies

A

Researchers ability to manipulate the independant variable. On comparative studies, there is no manipulation of the independant variable

64
Q

How are comparitive studies classified? (2)

A

Retrospective or prospective

65
Q

Def retrospective studies

A

Defendant variable (effect) is identified in the present and an attempt is made to determine the independent variable that occurred in the past

66
Q

Def prospective studies

A

The independent variable or presumed cause is identified and then subjects are then followed in the future to observe the dependent variable

67
Q

Def ex post facto studies

A

Data are collected after the fact
Variations in the independant variable studied after the variations have occurred, rather than at the time of the occurrence

68
Q

Def methodological studies

A

Concerned with the development, testing, and evaluation of research instruments and methods

69
Q

Def secondary analysis studies

A

Data are analyzed that were gathered in the previous study

Researchers may test new hypoth or ask new res questions

70
Q

Advantages of secondary analysis studies (2)

A

Efficient

Economical

71
Q

List the settings for research (3)

A

Laboratory
Field
Simulation

72
Q

Def laboratory studies

A

Subjects are studied Ina special env created by the researcher

73
Q

Def field studies

A

Studies conducted in the field or real life situations

74
Q

1 disadvantage of field studies

A

Not much control can be maintained

75
Q

Def simulation studies

A

Considered lab studies

Researcher measures responses to descriptions of case studies that are intended to rep real life situations

Nur 389 Test 2 (8 decks)

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