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Nur 389 Test 2 > Chapter 9- Quantitative Research Designs > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Quantitative Research Designs Flashcards

0
Q

Def descriptive studies

A

Phenomena are described or the rship bx 2 variables is examined

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1
Q

Def exploratory studies

A

Conducted when little is known abt the phenomenon of interest

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2
Q

Def explanatory studies

A

Search for causal explanations and are much more rigorous than explanatory or descriptive

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3
Q

Experimental res is concerned with what type of rships?

A

Cause and effect

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4
Q

Def Extraneous variables

A

Variables that the researcher is not able to control or does not choose to control

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5
Q

What are extraneous variables aka?

A

Confounding
Intervening
Study limitations

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6
Q

Def internal validity

A

Degree to which changes in the dependant variable (effect) can be attributed to the independant variable (cause)

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7
Q

What are threats to internal validity?

A

Factors other than the independent variable that influence the dependant variable

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8
Q

Def external validity

A

The degree to which study results can be generalized to other ppl and other settings

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9
Q

As the researcher attempts to control for internal validity, external validity is usually _______

A

Decreased

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10
Q

Name the threats to internal validity (6)

A 
Selection bias
History
Maturation 
Testing
Instrument change
Mortality
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11
Q

Def selection bias

A

When study results are attributed to the experimental tx or the researchers manipulation of the independant variable, when in fact the results are related to subject differences before the independant variable was manipulated.

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12
Q

When shouldn selection threat be considered?

A

In experimental studies when subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and comparison groups

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13
Q

Def history threat

A

When some event besides the experimental tx occurs during the course of the study, and this event influences the dependent variable

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14
Q

How is history threat controlled

A

By the inclusion of at least one simultaneous control or comparison group in a study

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15
Q

Def maturation threat

A

When changes that occur within the subjects during the experimental study influence the study results

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16
Q

When does a testing threat occur

A

In studies where a pretest is given or where sects have knowledge of baseline data

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17
Q

Def testing threat

A

The influence of the pretest or knowledge of baseline data on the post test scores

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18
Q

Def Instrumentation change threat

A

The difference bx the pretest and post test measurements caused by a change in the accuracy of the instrument or the judges rating, rather than as a result of the experimental tx

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19
Q

How do judges factor into instrumentation changes?

A

Judges may become more adept at the ratings, or become tired and make less exact observations

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20
Q

Def mortality threat

A

When the subjects do not complete the study

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21
Q

3 threats to external validity

A

Hawthorne effect
Experimenter effect
Reactive effects of the pretest

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22
Q

Def Hawthorne effect

A

When study participants respond in a certain manner bc they a aware that they are being observed

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23
Q

How can researchers control the Hawthorne effect?

A

By using a double blind experiment

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24
Def double blind experiment
Neither the researcher nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
25
Def experimenter effect
When researcher characteristics or behaviors influence subjects behaviors
26
Def rosenthal effect
Used to indicate the influence of the interviewer on respondents answers
27
Def reactive effects if the pretest
Occurs when subjects have been sensitized to the tx bc took the pretest
28
Symbolic representations of research designs | R, X, O
``` R= random assignment of subjects to groups X= experimental tx or intervention O= observation or measurement of dependant variable ```
29
Def random assignment
A procedure that ensures that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned or placed in any of the groups in an experimental study
30
Name the 3 types of experimental designs
True experimental Quasi experimental Pre experimental
31
Def true experimental designs
When the researcher has a great deal of control over the research situation
32
3 criteria for experimental design
Researcher manipulates experimental variables One experimental group and one control group Subjects are randomly assigned
33
Def manipulation
The independant or experimental variable is controlled by the researcher
34
Def control group
Group in an experimental study that does not receive the experimental tx
35
Comparison group
Any group in an experimental study that either receives no treatment or a treatment that is not thought to be as effective as the experimental treatment
36
Def pretest- post test control group design
Subjects are randomly assigned to groups Pretest given to both groups Experimental group receives the tx and the comparison group receives the routine tx/no tx Post test given to both groups
37
Def post-test only control group design
Subjects are randomly assigned Experimental group receives tx and the comparison group receives no/routine tx Post-test given to both groups
38
Def Solomon 4 group design
Subjects are randomly assigned to one of four groups 2 groups experimental and 2 comparison Post test given to all 4 groups
39
Advantages of the Solomon 4 - group design ( 2)
Most prestigious experimental design | Minimizes threats to internal and external validity
40
Disadvantages of Solomon 4 group design
Design requires a large sample size | Statistical analysis of data is complicated
41
Name the 3 true experiment designs
Pretest- post test control group design Post test only control group design Solomon 4 group design
42
Def quasi experimental designs
Designs in which there is no comparison group or subjects are not randomly assigned to groups
43
Name the two quasi experimental designs
Non-equivalent control group design | Time-series design
44
Def non equivalent control group design
Similar to pre test post test design except for no random assignment of participants to the experimental and comparison groups
45
Def time-series design
A researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects
46
Def pre experimental designs
Experimental designs that are very weak and in which the researcher has little control over the research
47
Name the 2 pre-experimental designs
One shot case study | One group pretest- post test design
48
Def one shot case study
a single group is exposed to an experimental tx and observed after tx
49
Def one group pretest - post test design
Provides a comparison bx a group of subjects before and after the experimental tx
50
What is non experimental research
Descriptive research bc there is no manipulation or control over the variables
51
Are there cause and effect rships in nonexperimental research?
No
52
Name the types of non experimental designs (5)
``` Survey studies Correlational studies Comparative studies Methodological studies Secondary analysis studies ```
53
Def survey studies
Self report eat are collected from samples with the purpose of describing populations on some variables of interest
54
What ways can survey studies be conducted
Phone Mail Internet Interview
55
What are the 2 most common data collection techniques in survey studies
Questionnaires | Interviews
56
2 advantages of survey studies
Ability to provide accurate information on pops using relatively small samples Large amt of data can be obtained rather quickly and with minimal cost
57
Def correlational studies
Researchers examines strength of relationships bx variables by determining how changes in one variable x is related to another variable y
58
Def correlation
The extent to which one variable x is related to another variable y
59
Def Correlation coefficient
The magnitude and direction of the rship bx 2 variables | May be positive 1 or negative 1
60
Def positive relationship
As the value of 1 variable increases. The other variable increases Aka direct rship
61
Def negative relationship
As the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases Aka inverse relationship
62
Def comparative studies
Examine the differences bx intact groups on some dependant variable of interest
63
What is the difference bx comparative studies and experimental studies
Researchers ability to manipulate the independant variable. On comparative studies, there is no manipulation of the independant variable
64
How are comparitive studies classified? (2)
Retrospective or prospective
65
Def retrospective studies
Defendant variable (effect) is identified in the present and an attempt is made to determine the independent variable that occurred in the past
66
Def prospective studies
The independent variable or presumed cause is identified and then subjects are then followed in the future to observe the dependent variable
67
Def ex post facto studies
Data are collected after the fact Variations in the independant variable studied after the variations have occurred, rather than at the time of the occurrence
68
Def methodological studies
Concerned with the development, testing, and evaluation of research instruments and methods
69
Def secondary analysis studies
Data are analyzed that were gathered in the previous study | Researchers may test new hypoth or ask new res questions
70
Advantages of secondary analysis studies (2)
Efficient | Economical
71
List the settings for research (3)
Laboratory Field Simulation
72
Def laboratory studies
Subjects are studied Ina special env created by the researcher
73
Def field studies
Studies conducted in the field or real life situations
74
1 disadvantage of field studies
Not much control can be maintained
75
Def simulation studies
Considered lab studies | Researcher measures responses to descriptions of case studies that are intended to rep real life situations

Nur 389 Test 2 (8 decks)

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