Chapter 12- Measurement + Data Collection

Question 0

What does measurement imply?

Answer 0

Quantification of information

Question 1

Def measurement

Answer 1

The process of assigning numbers to variables

Question 2

List the levels of measurement (4)

Answer 2

Nominal level of measurement
Ordinal level of measurement
Interval level of measurement
Ratio level of measurement

Question 3

Def nominal level of measurement

Answer 3

Objects or events are named, categorized, or numbered
Numbers do not hold any significant value
Least rigorous of the measurement levels

Question 4

Def ordinal level of measurement

Answer 4

Data that can be rank ordered as well as placed into categories
#s obtained indicate the order rather than exact quantity of the variables

Question 5

Def interval level of measurement

Answer 5

Can be placed in categories and ranked.

Also, the distance bx the ranks can be specified

Question 6

Def ratio level of measurement

Answer 6

• data that can be recognized and ranked
• distance bx ranks specified
• true/ natural zero point identified
• highest, most precise level of data

Question 7

Def zero point

Answer 7

There is a total absence of the quantity being measured

Question 8

T/f - data can be converted to a higher level

Answer 8

F- data can be converted, but only to a lower level of measurement

Question 9

What level of measurement would a researcher use of they were concerned with the precision of data

Answer 9

Interval
Or
Ratio

Question 10

What level of measurement would a researcher if ranking or categorizing data is sufficient to answer the research questions or test the research hypothesis

Answer 10

Ordinal

Question 11

Which level of measurement would a researcher use if categorizing the data is all that is needed

Answer 11

Nominal

Question 12

What are the main considerations in determining the level of measurement for data (2)

Answer 12

• the level of measurement appropriate for the type of data that are being sought
• the degree of precision desired when it is possible to consider the data at more than one level

Question 13

What are the 5 important questions of the data collection process

Answer 13

• who will collect the data
• when will the data be collected
• where will the data be collected
• what data will be collected
• how will the data be collected

Question 14

Data collection methods are governed by…

Answer 14

• the research question
• hypothesis
• design of the study
• amt of knowledge available abt the variable interest

Question 15

List the different types of collection data methods

Answer 15

Physiological measures
Observation measures
Self report questionnaires
Interviews
Attitude scales
Psychological tests

Question 16

What is the most frequently used data collection method

Answer 16

Quesitonaires

Question 17

Def research instruments

Answer 17

Devices used to collect data

Question 18

What is the benefit of using an already tested instrument

Answer 18

Helps connect the present study with the existing body of knowledge on the variables

Question 19

What is the oldest and most well known sources of research instruments

Answer 19

MMY- mental measurement yearbooks

Question 20

What criteria must an instrument have in order to be reviewed by the MMY

Answer 20

Must be commercially available
Be published in the English language
Be new, revised, or widely used since it last appeared in the MMY series

Question 21

What factors help determine the size of the pilot study group

Answer 21

Time
Cost
Availability of person similar to the study subjects

Question 22

What is practicality of an instrument

Answer 22

Cost and appropriateness for the study population

Question 23

Def reliability of the instrument

Answer 23

Consistency and stability of the instrument

Presented as a correlation coefficient (-1-+1)

Question 24

When isn't risky to use an instrument

Answer 24

When it has a reliability of less than 0.7

Question 25

Def stability of an instrument

Answer 25

Consistency of the instrument over time

Question 26

Def equivalence reliability

Answer 26

Degree to which 2 forms of an instrument obtain the same results Or 2 or more observers using a single instrument obtain the same results

Question 27

Def alternate forms reliability/ parallel forms reliability

Answer 27

Comparisons of raters or observers using the same instrument

Question 28

How is alternate forms reliability determined

Answer 28

By the degree to which 2 or more independant raters or observers are in agreement

Question 29

Def internal consistency reliability

Answer 29

Aka scale homogeneity | Addresses the extent to which all items on an instrument measure the same variable

Question 30

When is internal consistency reliability appropriate to use

Answer 30

When the instrument is examining one concept or construct at a time

Question 31

Def validity

Answer 31

Ability to gather the data that it is intended to gather

Question 32

How can validity be established

Answer 32

Through the use of a panel of experts | An examination of the existing literature on the topic

Question 33

What are the 4 categories of validity

Answer 33

Face Content Criterion Construct

Question 34

Def face validity

Answer 34

When a preliminary shows that it is measuring what it is supposed to measure

Question 35

Def content validity

Answer 35

The scope or range of items used to measure the variable | - are the number and type of items adequate to measure the concept or construct of interest?

Question 36

What are the 3 methods to evaluating the content validity of an instrument

Answer 36

1- comparing the content of the instrument with the material available in the literature on the topic 2- use a panel of experts 3- test blue print design around the objectives for the content being taught and the level of knowledge that is expected

Question 37

T/f - the exact degree of content validity can be developed?

Answer 37

False- actual degree of content validity is never established, but can be estimated

Question 38

Def criterion validity

Answer 38

The extent to which an instrument corresponds to or is correlated with some criterion measure of the variable of interest - assesses the ability of an instrument to determine subjects responses at the present time or predict subjects responses in the future

Question 39

List the 2 types of criterion validity

Answer 39

Concurrent | Predictive

Question 40

Def concurrent validity

Answer 40

Compares an instruments ability to obtain a measurement of subjects behavior that is comparable to some other criterion of that behavior - does the instrument under consideration correlate with another instrument that measures the same behavior or responses?

Question 41

Def predictive validity

Answer 41

Ability of an instrument to predict behavior or responses of subjects in the future

Question 42

What validity is the the most difficult to measure

Answer 42

Content validity

Question 43

Def content validity

Answer 43

The degree to which an instrument measures the construct it is supposed to measure - measure font variable that is not directly observable

Question 44

List the two methods to measure construct validity

Answer 44

Known groups procedure | Factor analysis

Question 45

Def known groups procedure

Answer 45

Instrument under consideration is adminstered to 2 groups of ppl whose responses are expected to differ on the variable of interest

Question 46

Def factor analysis

Answer 46

Used to identify clusters of related items on an instrument scale Can measure one or several constructs

Question 47

T/f - an instrument can be valid w/o being reliable

Answer 47

False- an instrument cannot be valid unless it is reliable

Question 48

T/f- the reliability of an instrument tells nothing about the degree of validity of the instrument

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Where can errors in data collection arise from?

Answer 49

Instrument inadequacies Instrument administration biases Environmental variations during the data collection process Temporary subject characteristics during the data collection process