Chapter 9: Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What is a neurotic according to the text?
A
A person who can neither love nor work but is still capable of coherent speech and reality-testing.
2
Q
What distinguishes a neurotic from a psychotic?
A
A neurotic is not out of their mind, while a psychotic is.
3
Q
What are some sources of objectionable impulses in neurosis?
A
- Childhood sexual wishes
- Repressed memories of painful experiences
4
Q
What happens to a fledgling neurotic’s libido?
A
It regresses to find safer, more manageable satisfactions in an earlier stage of sexual development.
5
Q
What are the two categories of neuroses mentioned?
A
- Transference neuroses
- Narcissistic neuroses
6
Q
What are transference neuroses?
A
Classical neuroses that Freud believed psychoanalysis could cure.
7
Q
What are some examples of transference neuroses?
A
- Hysteria
- Phobia
- Obsession
8
Q
What is hysteria?
A
A disorder where anxiety is converted into bodily paralysis or sensory disturbances.
9
Q
What is a phobia?
A
Anxiety projected onto a single class of things that are then avoided.
10
Q
What is obsession in the context of neurosis?
A
Using ritualistic behaviors to express frustrated sexual energy.
11
Q
What is the outcome for patients with transference neuroses after analysis?
A
They can usually regain energy that was previously at the service of their neurosis.
12
Q
What are narcissistic neuroses traditionally associated with?
A
Psychoses.
13
Q
What are some examples of narcissistic neuroses?
A
- Melancholia
- Dementia praecox (schizophrenia)
- Paranoia
14
Q
What is melancholia?
A
Severe depression, with or without manic episodes.
15
Q
What does dementia praecox refer to?
A
Schizophrenia, characterized by its typical onset in postadolescence.
16
Q
What is paranoia?
A
Projection magnified to the point of delusion.
17
Q
How does the text describe the ego’s challenges?
A
The ego is up against the id, the superego, and the outside world.
18
Q
What are defense mechanisms?
A
Techniques the ego uses to manage demands from the id, superego, and reality.
19
Q
What is repression?
A
Forgetting or pushing away uncomfortable thoughts or feelings.
20
Q
What is regression?
A
Reverting to an earlier, less threatening stage of psychosexual development.
21
Q
What is projection?
A
Attributing one’s own feelings or impulses to someone else.
22
Q
What is denial?
A
Wholesale falsification of reality, rejecting external pressures.
23
Q
What is reaction formation?
A
Convincing oneself that the opposite of an unacceptable feeling is true.
24
Q
What is reversal?
A
Attributing one’s feelings to another person, often used in early conflicts.
25
What is displacement?
Transferring emotions from a dangerous object to a safer one.
26
What is isolation?
Recognizing an emotion without feeling it.
27
What is intellectualization?
Overthinking a problem to avoid dealing with the underlying emotions.
28
What is undoing?
An action meant to expiate an emotion or earlier action that the ego cannot handle.
29
What is rationalization in the context of psychological defense mechanisms?
Overthinking a problem to avoid emotional contact.
## Footnote
Also known as isolation for smart people.
30
Define undoing as a defense mechanism.
An action meant to expiate an emotion or an earlier action that the ego cannot bear to deal with.
## Footnote
Can involve canceling something out or performing a compulsive ritual.
31
What is sublimation in psychological terms?
Channeling libido into socially useful endeavors.
## Footnote
Considered the only truly desirable defense mechanism.
32
Describe the therapeutic procedure developed by Freud.
The analysand lies on the couch and relates anything that comes to mind for fifty-five minutes.
## Footnote
Aimed at recovering submerged parts of the psyche.
33
What did Freud mean by 'the royal road to the unconscious'?
The significance of dreams in understanding the unconscious mind.
34
What was Freud's seduction theory?
The belief that neuroses stemmed from actual sexual assaults on young children.
## Footnote
Later abandoned in favor of the idea that such traumas were fantasies stemming from unconscious wishes.
35
What is metapsychology?
A psychological theory that cannot be verified or disproved through observation or reasoning.
36
What are the three structural components of Freud's model of the psyche?
* Id impulses
* Ego defenses
* Superego restrictions
37
What is the Oedipus complex according to Freud?
A child's desire to marry the opposite-sex parent and eliminate the same-sex parent.
38
What is the significance of fixation in Freud's theory?
When libido is bound at a developmental stage, causing regression during later life troubles.
39
True or False: Freud believed that adult behavior patterns are influenced by how early erotic phases are negotiated.
True.
40
What are the two instinctual drives postulated by Freud after World War I?
* Eros (life-preserving instinct)
* Thanatos (death force)
41
What did Freud's later theories emphasize regarding aggression?
The importance of repressed aggression and its relation to the death instinct.
42
How did Freud's views on psychoanalysis change after World War I?
He focused more on repressed aggression rather than solely on sexual instincts.
43
What was Alfred Adler's primary critique of Freud's theories?
He believed the core problem was the struggle to overcome feelings of inferiority.
44
What did Carl Jung emphasize in his theories that differed from Freud's?
The influence of higher forces and the importance of a collective unconscious.
45
What are the two fundamental personality types identified by Jung?
* Introvert
* Extrovert
46
Describe Melanie Klein's concept of the paranoid-schizoid phase.
An infant relates to anatomical parts of persons, mainly the breast and penis.
47
What is the depressive phase in Klein's theory?
The recognition of the mother as a whole person who can be destroyed by the child's hatefulness.
48
What is the ultimate aim of psychoanalysis according to Freud?
To increase the strength of the ego to mediate between id impulses and superego restrictions.
49
Fill in the blank: Freud's therapeutic method involves the patient lying on a _______.
[couch].
50
What are the two phases Klein subdivided the first year of life into?
Paranoid-schizoid and depressive
## Footnote
The paranoid-schizoid phase involves relating to anatomical parts, while the depressive phase recognizes the mother as a whole person.
51
In the paranoid-schizoid position, what does the infant primarily relate to?
Anatomical parts, chiefly the breast and penis
## Footnote
This phase involves the infant's early phantasies about good and bad objects.
52
What characterizes the depressive position in Klein's theory?
Recognition of the mother as a whole person with both good and bad features
## Footnote
This leads to integration and feelings of despair due to the recognition of destructiveness.
53
What concept does Klein introduce that diverges from Freud's theories?
Envy as a biological given
## Footnote
Klein emphasizes the child's destructive urges and regrets rather than parental defects.
54
What did Klein focus on in her psychoanalytic theories?
The earliest stage of human development before the Oedipal conflict
## Footnote
This focus sets her apart from other psychoanalysts like Sullivan and Horney.
55
What is the main focus of Harry Stack Sullivan's approach to psychoanalysis?
Relationships with others
## Footnote
Sullivan emphasized understanding individuals through their interactions rather than inner psychological events.
56
What two basic needs did Sullivan reduce his motivational system to?
Satisfaction and security
## Footnote
Satisfaction encompasses both biological and emotional needs, while security involves avoiding anxiety.
57
What is the Self System according to Sullivan?
A configuration of traits reinforced by significant relationships
## Footnote
It includes the 'good me', 'bad me', and 'not me' categories based on parental responses.
58
What does Winnicott mean by the term 'good-enough mother'?
A mother who is attuned to her child's needs without overwhelming them
## Footnote
This concept emphasizes the balance between nurturing and allowing independence.
59
What is the core problem Winnicott identifies in human existence?
The struggle for a personal existence while allowing intimate contact with others
## Footnote
This reflects the tension between individuality and connection.
60
What is the 'false self' as described by Winnicott?
A self that complies with others' expectations while the true self remains hidden
## Footnote
This develops when the mother fails to respond adequately to the child's needs.
61
What concept did Heinz Kohut introduce related to personality disturbances?
Disorders of the self
## Footnote
Kohut focused on defects in inner cohesion and continuity, particularly in the context of narcissistic and borderline disorders.
62
What did Kohut's 1971 volume 'The Analysis of the Self' emphasize?
The importance of self-cohesion and the impact of Oedipal issues
## Footnote
Kohut aimed to bridge traditional Freudian theory with contemporary understanding of self.
63
True or False: Klein's theories were widely accepted without controversy.
False
## Footnote
Klein's work split the British Psychoanalytic Society into factions.
64
Fill in the blank: Sullivan believed that loneliness is the most _______ of human experiences.
painful
## Footnote
This reflects his focus on satisfaction and security in relationships.
65
What did Winnicott believe was essential for the development of a 'true self'?
A durable, attentive, and responsive holding environment
## Footnote
This environment enables the patient's true self to emerge during therapy.
66
What does Sullivan's concept of 'parataxic integrations' refer to?
Rigidified pairings of behaviors based on parental figures
## Footnote
These integrations can dominate adult perceptions and interactions.
67
What are 'disorders of the self' according to Kohut?
Defects in the sense of inner cohesion and continuity
## Footnote
Kohut's concept emphasizes the importance of self-cohesion in psychological development.
68
In which year did Kohut publish 'The Analysis of the Self'?
1971
## Footnote
This work is foundational in the development of Self Psychology.
69
What two positions did Kohut straddle in his theory?
* Allegiance to Freud and instinctual drive theory
* Establishment of a parallel path of narcissistic development
70
What does Kohut mean by 'self-objects'?
Parental figures that the child cannot yet differentiate from themselves
## Footnote
This term reflects the child's reliance on others for self-definition.
71
What is required for a cohesive self to emerge, according to Kohut?
* Mirroring of the child's capacities
* Idealization of at least one parent
72
What happens if a child fails to develop mirroring or idealization?
Defective sense of self and inability to maintain consistent self-esteem
## Footnote
This can lead to narcissistic pathology.
73
How does Self Psychology differ from traditional psychoanalysis?
It focuses on relational issues rather than a conflict model
## Footnote
Kohut's approach emphasizes the importance of early relationships.
74
What is Kohut's view of the Oedipal period?
A growth stage rather than a conflict-laden one
## Footnote
He believes it involves joy in exercising new capacities.
75
What role does the analyst play in treating narcissistic pathology?
Acts as a self-object providing empathic responses
## Footnote
This helps patients recover what was lacking in their early relationships.
76
What is the significance of mirroring and idealizing transferences in Kohut's theory?
They are essential for self-development and differentiate Kohut's approach from classical theorists.
77
Who was Jacques Lacan?
A French psychoanalyst known for his complex theories
## Footnote
Lacan's work often requires extensive knowledge of various philosophical and psychoanalytic traditions.
78
What is a central tenet of Lacan's theories regarding the unconscious?
The unconscious is structured like a language.
79
According to Lacan, where does man's desire find its meaning?
In the desire of the other
## Footnote
This emphasizes the relational aspect of desire.
80
What does Lacan believe is the only intermediary in psychoanalysis?
The patient's Word.
81
How does Lacan suggest the unconscious can be accessed?
Through gaps in discourse, such as slips of the tongue or misuse of words.
82
What is the analogy used to describe the role of the ego in relation to the id?
The relationship between a rider and his horse.
83
What does Lacan mean by 'logical punctuations' in therapy?
Sessions defined by the needs of the analysand on any given day.
84
What is one of Freud's quotes regarding the results of analysis?
Analysis almost seems to be one of those 'impossible professions' with unsatisfying results.
85
What does Freud suggest about civilization in 'Future of an Illusion'?
A culture that leaves many members unsatisfied cannot continue to exist.
86
What is Freud's view on the conscious versus the unconscious?
Everything conscious is subject to wearing away, while the unconscious is relatively unchangeable.
87
What is the fate of the Oedipus complex in girls, according to Freud?
It may persist far into women's normal mental life.
88
What did Freud imply about the superego in women?
It is less independent and more influenced by emotional origins than in men.
89
What does Freud say about a man favored by his mother?
He retains a feeling of a conqueror and confidence in success.
90
What is the significance of the 'Ecrits' in Lacan's work?
They require familiarity with various philosophical and psychoanalytic texts to understand.
91
What did Lacan mean by the unconscious not being a simple message?
It is another text that must be read with a different perspective.
92
What is a notable characteristic of Lacan's practice?
Sessions were unpredictable in length and structure.
93
What is a defining feature of Kohut's Self Psychology?
Emphasis on early relational dynamics and the development of self.
94
What is the case of Anna O. known for within the profession?
It is famous as a study in the pitfalls of countertransference.
## Footnote
Anna O. began as a patient of Josef Breuer and was treated for various hysterical symptoms.
95
Who was the original therapist for Anna O.?
Josef Breuer.
## Footnote
Breuer terminated treatment due to personal complications involving his wife.
96
What method did Freud later adopt from Breuer's treatment of Anna O.?
The 'cathartic method'.
97
What was Little Hans afraid of?
He was afraid that a horse would bite him.
98
How did Freud treat Little Hans?
By proxy through his father.
99
What triggered Little Hans' phobia?
His mother's warning about masturbation leading to castration.
100
What notable outcome did Little Hans achieve later in life?
He grew up to be a musician.
101
What was the main issue that Dora faced in her case?
She had hysterical symptoms linked to a proposal made by a neighbor, Herr K.
102
What did Dora's father want Freud to do?
He wanted Freud to 'bring Dora to reason'.
103
What lessons did Freud learn from Dora's case?
Hysterics reveal much through dreams and free association and to mistrust the 'flight into health'.
104
What caused the Rat Man's agitation?
Hearing about a punishment involving rats.
105
What psychological mechanism did Freud illustrate with the Rat Man's case?
Displacement.
106
What was the Wolf Man's childhood dream about?
Seeing six or seven white wolves in a tree.
107
What did Freud focus on in the treatment of the Wolf Man?
The child within the man.
108
What term did Jung coin to describe the deep, species-wide layer of the psyche?
Collective unconscious.
109
What are archetypes in Jungian psychology?
Mythic images and motifs that make up the collective unconscious.
110
What is individuation according to Jung?
A process of self-actualization and coming to terms with psychological axes.
111
What does the term 'active imagination' refer to?
Writing or painting one's unconscious fantasies.
112
What is synchronicity in Jungian terms?
A meaningful coincidence of two casually unrelated events.
113
True or False: Jung believed in the importance of the unconscious and myth.
True.
114
What major shift has psychology undergone in the twenty-first century?
It has struggled with the rise of New Age beliefs and the effectiveness of medication.
115
What historical context influenced the popularity of psychotherapy in the U.S.?
The Sixties challenged the notion of who was considered sane and increased the market for self-realization.
116
What is psychoanalysis?
The oldest form of psychotherapy, developed by Freud.
117
What distinguishes psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy from traditional psychoanalysis?
It allows for more flexibility in session scheduling and therapist-patient interaction.
118
What is the estimated cost of psychoanalysis over eleven years?
$154,000.
119
What is the main criticism of classical analysis mentioned in the text?
It may not be effective for narcissistic patients who do not respond well to it.
120
What is the primary focus of POPers in therapy?
To address and discuss what you have/haven't said, and to help you take responsibility for your feelings.
## Footnote
POPers draw on various psychological theories, including those of Freud's defectors.
121
What is the aim of short-term dynamic therapy (STDT)?
To set firm deadlines and specific goals to motivate the patient towards wellness.
## Footnote
STDT therapists often provoke anxiety to help patients confront their true feelings.
122
What distinguishes brief therapy from other forms of therapy?
It achieves consumer satisfaction in as few as one or two sessions, focusing on immediate relief rather than deep-rooted issues.
## Footnote
Brief therapy is often used for mild issues like work stress and grief.
123
What does Gestalt therapy emphasize?
Awareness of one's moment-to-moment sensations and feelings, focusing on the Here and Now.
## Footnote
Developed by Fritz Perls, Gestalt therapy seeks to bypass intellectualization.
124
How does Gestalt therapy differ from traditional psychoanalysis?
Gestalt therapy focuses on the present experience rather than exploring past events or deep psychological roots.
## Footnote
Therapists may use props and encourage physical expression of feelings.
125
What is the goal of bioenergetics therapy?
To relax character armor, deepen breathing, and release the body's life force through physical exercises and interactions.
## Footnote
Originating from Wilhelm Reich's theories, it often involves intense patient-therapist engagement.
126
What does biofeedback therapy focus on?
Controlling physiological responses to reduce anxiety rather than discussing emotional issues.
## Footnote
Patients learn to manage their physiological reactions using monitoring machines.
127
What is the basis of behavior therapy?
It is based on the premise that all behavior is learned and can be unlearned through systematic conditioning.
## Footnote
Influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner, it aims for immediate results.
128
What does cognitive therapy aim to modify?
It aims to change thought processes and attitudes that contribute to psychological disturbances.
## Footnote
Developed by Aaron Beck, it focuses on identifying and challenging automatic negative thoughts.
129
What is family therapy?
A form of therapy where whole families are involved in scrutinizing their actions and dynamics.
## Footnote
It may include methods like videotaping sessions for analysis.
130
What is the essence of transactional analysis?
It involves understanding the 'scripts' individuals follow in their interactions and relationships.
## Footnote
This approach helps individuals recognize and change unhealthy patterns.
131
What is primal scream therapy?
A therapeutic practice where individuals scream and physically express their emotions in a group setting.
## Footnote
It aims to release pent-up feelings and can involve physical activities like throwing oneself against padded walls.
132
Fill in the blank: Gestalt therapy is developed by _______.
[Fritz Perls]
133
True or False: Biofeedback therapy encourages discussion of emotional issues.
False
134
What are some techniques used in bioenergetics therapy?
Techniques include:
* Special physical exercises
* Intense patient-therapist interaction
* Breathing exercises
* Expressive activities like singing or shouting
## Footnote
The focus is on physical engagement to release emotional tension.
