Chapter 5: Literature Flashcards
1
Q
Who is the author of ‘The Canterbury Tales’?
A
Geoffrey Chaucer
‘The Canterbury Tales’ was written between 1386-1400.
2
Q
What is the setting of ‘The General Prologue’ in ‘The Canterbury Tales’?
A
Southwerk at the Tabard inn
The pilgrims gather here before their journey to Canterbury.
3
Q
What is the main theme explored in ‘The Canterbury Tales’?
A
Social classes, economic brackets, and personality disorders in medieval England
The tales are shared by twenty-nine pilgrims.
4
Q
What literary device is prominently used in ‘The Faerie Queene’?
A
Allegory
Characters and scenery embody historical events and ideas.
5
Q
What are the two main themes of ‘The Faerie Queene’?
A
- Medieval chivalry
- Protestant Christianity
6
Q
Who is considered the first and best of the Metaphysical poets?
A
John Donne
He is known for his complex imagery and learned style.
7
Q
What does John Donne’s poem ‘A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’ compare love to?
A
A pair of compasses
It illustrates the connection between two souls.
8
Q
What is the primary purpose of John Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’?
A
To justify the ways of God to man
It is also seen as an attempt to outdo classical poets.
9
Q
Which poet is known for their epigrammatic style?
A
Alexander Pope
Famous quotes include ‘A little learning is a dangerous thing.’
10
Q
What era is Alexander Pope associated with?
A
The Augustan Age
A time marked by well-ordered literary traditions.
11
Q
What is William Wordsworth’s famous definition of poetry?
A
‘Emotion recollected in tranquillity’
He emphasized the importance of memory and imagination.
12
Q
What did Wordsworth argue against in his poetry?
A
The wit of Pope
He favored emotional depth over cleverness.
13
Q
What innovative form did Robert Browning popularize?
A
Dramatic monologues
His works reveal hidden aspects of the speaker’s character.
14
Q
What is the central theme of W.B. Yeats’ poem ‘Sailing to Byzantium’?
A
The contrast between youth and old age
Yeats explores the significance of art and intellect.
15
Q
Fill in the blank: ‘The Faerie Queene’ was intended to celebrate different _______.
A
knightly virtues
16
Q
True or False: John Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’ features a more interesting portrayal of God than of Satan.
A
False
Many readers find Milton’s Satan more compelling.
17
Q
What significant literary movement did William Wordsworth initiate?
A
Romanticism
He is considered the first of the Romantics.
18
Q
What is a characteristic of Browning’s poetry?
A
Jagged-edged dramatic monologues
His style is often seen as a precursor to modernism.
19
Q
What does the term ‘Metaphysical poetry’ refer to?
A
Poetry characterized by complex imagery and philosophical themes
It often explores love and death.
20
Q
Who is generally ranked as one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century?
A
W.B. Yeats
Yeats is often referred to as the greatest of twentieth-century poets, partly due to his mystical and earthy themes.
21
Q
What does Yeats explore in his poetry, particularly in his mature period?
A
Themes of aging and old age
Yeats became obsessed with the subject of old age, as reflected in several of his better-known poems.
22
Q
How is John Keats characterized compared to Percy Bysshe Shelley?
A
Keats is better adjusted and less of an outcast than Shelley
Keats had a more sociable disposition, while Shelley was often seen as an outsider.
23
Q
What is a notable quality of Keats’ poetry?
A
Sensuous, concrete, and concentrated
Keats’ poetry emphasizes beauty and art-for-art’s-sake.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: ‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty,’—that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know,’ is a quote from _______.
A
John Keats
This quote reflects Keats’ belief in the interconnectedness of beauty and truth.
25
How does Shelley's poetry differ from Keats' poetry?
Shelley's poetry is less solid, more shifting and translucent
## Footnote
Shelley often focused on abstract and idealistic themes.
26
What was Shelley's view of the world as reflected in his poetry?
A radical voice full of black despair
## Footnote
Shelley was considered a revolutionary and an immoralist, often expressing deep existential themes.
27
What literary device is described as 'fast, clean, intensely civilized'?
Wit
## Footnote
Wit often involves cleverness and sharpness, exemplified by writers like Oscar Wilde.
28
Define irony in literature.
A situation where one set of listeners understands the true meaning while another does not
## Footnote
Irony can manifest in various forms, including verbal, dramatic, and Socratic irony.
29
What is dramatic irony?
When the audience knows something that the characters do not
## Footnote
This type of irony creates tension and anticipation in the narrative.
30
What is the significance of ambiguity in literature?
Ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations and nuanced meanings
## Footnote
William Empson's work emphasizes the richness that ambiguity can bring to poetry.
31
Who is the author of 'Seven Types of Ambiguity'?
William Empson
## Footnote
Empson's book is a significant study of how ambiguity functions in literature.
32
True or False: Keats and Shelley both died at the same age.
False
## Footnote
Keats died at twenty-six, while Shelley died at thirty.
33
What does the term 'romantic irony' refer to?
The author reveals that characters are fictional constructs
## Footnote
This type of irony is prominent in the early nineteenth century, particularly in Byron's works.
34
Fill in the blank: The phrase 'Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!' is associated with _______.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
## Footnote
This line reflects Shelley's idealistic and ethereal qualities in poetry.
35
What is the difference between ambiguity and ambivalence?
Ambiguity refers to language that has multiple meanings, while ambivalence describes a person's conflicted feelings about something.
## Footnote
Ambivalence is when someone feels two opposing emotions simultaneously.
36
How are Shakespeare's plays categorized?
Shakespeare's plays are divided into four categories: histories, comedies, tragedies, and romances.
## Footnote
This categorization helps in understanding the themes and styles of his works.
37
What time period do Shakespeare's history plays cover?
They tell the story of England from the end of the fourteenth century to the reign of Henry VIII.
## Footnote
One play, about King John, is set earlier.
38
Which modern series is compared to Shakespeare's history plays?
The Sopranos is likened to Shakespeare's histories due to its focus on family dynamics and political intrigue.
## Footnote
Both involve themes of power struggles and personal relationships.
39
What is the main theme of Henry IV, Part I?
The play contrasts Prince Hal's development with the characters Hotspur and Falstaff, exploring themes of honor and leadership.
## Footnote
Honor is depicted as an abstract concept that does not translate into tangible benefits.
40
What character is central to the comedic elements of Henry IV, Part I?
Falstaff is the central comedic figure, known for his wit, cowardice, and complex personality.
## Footnote
He is considered one of Shakespeare's most beloved characters.
41
What are the main issues explored in the Henry VI trilogy?
The trilogy examines the consequences of a weak king and the conflicts between the Houses of Lancaster and York during the Wars of the Roses.
## Footnote
It raises questions about legitimacy, power, and leadership.
42
How is Richard III characterized?
Richard III is portrayed as totally evil and entertaining, ascending to the throne through ruthless means.
## Footnote
His character contrasts sharply with the legitimate heirs he murders.
43
What historical significance does King John hold?
King John is known for signing the Magna Carta, which addresses the rights and duties of kings.
## Footnote
The play also explores themes of legitimacy and governance.
44
What is Richard II's primary flaw?
Richard II is characterized by indecision, effeminacy, and poor advice, leading to his downfall.
## Footnote
He represents the theme of tragic weakness in leadership.
45
What does Henry V depict regarding Prince Hal?
Henry V shows Prince Hal as a hero-king who successfully leads England in battle against France.
## Footnote
The play emphasizes themes of duty, honor, and leadership.
46
What defines a Shakespearean comedy?
A Shakespearean comedy typically has a happy ending and an optimistic outlook, often involving romantic entanglements.
## Footnote
Comedies may not always be purely humorous; they can tackle serious themes.
47
What is the central theme of Twelfth Night?
Twelfth Night explores love, mistaken identities, and the folly of human desires.
## Footnote
The play features complex characters and comedic situations stemming from romantic misunderstandings.
48
What is the significance of Viola's disguise in Twelfth Night?
Viola disguises herself as a man, which complicates romantic relationships and highlights themes of identity.
## Footnote
Her disguise leads to various comedic situations and misunderstandings.
49
What type of humor is primarily used in The Comedy of Errors?
The Comedy of Errors uses farcical humor and mistaken identities.
## Footnote
It draws from Roman plays and remains relatable in modern performances.
50
What themes are present in The Taming of the Shrew?
The Taming of the Shrew deals with gender roles, submission, and the dynamics of marriage.
## Footnote
Petruchio's treatment of Katharina reflects Elizabethan views on women's roles.
51
Fill in the blank: Shakespeare's last play is _______.
Henry VIII
## Footnote
This play has a complicated authorship and was performed during significant historical events.
52
What is the main theme of The Taming of the Shrew?
The subjugation of Katharina by Petruchio, reflecting male chauvinism and the Elizabethan view of women's roles.
## Footnote
Petruchio's treatment of Kate is seen as a favor within the context of the play's era.
53
How does A Midsummer Night's Dream depict love?
It presents love as complicated and often confused, with quarrels and mismatched affections.
## Footnote
The play features characters like Oberon, Titania, and Puck, who illustrate the chaotic nature of love.
54
What is the central conflict in The Merchant of Venice?
The courtship of Portia versus the values of Venice, focusing on themes of mercy versus justice.
## Footnote
Shylock's portrayal raises questions about anti-Semitism.
55
What character dynamics are explored in Much Ado About Nothing?
The witty exchanges between Beatrice and Benedick, contrasted with Claudio's cruel treatment of Hero.
## Footnote
The play is filled with confusions and misunderstandings, amplified by incompetent constables.
56
What is the setting of As You Like It?
The idyllic Forest of Arden, where characters escape from the corrupt court.
## Footnote
Key characters include Orlando, Rosalind, and Jaques.
57
What prompted the writing of The Merry Wives of Windsor?
A request from Queen Elizabeth to see Falstaff in love.
## Footnote
The play depicts the life of the middle class and features Falstaff lacking his usual wit.
58
What is the theme of Troilus and Cressida?
The unfaithfulness in love set against the backdrop of the Trojan War.
## Footnote
The play critiques both war and love as destructive forces.
59
How is All's Well That Ends Well categorized?
As one of Shakespeare's 'dark' or 'problem' comedies, reflecting a pessimistic view of love.
## Footnote
Helena's pursuit of her man raises questions about the nature of love.
60
What is the central premise of Measure for Measure?
The Duke's hypocrisy and the moral dilemmas faced by Isabella and Angelo.
## Footnote
The play's resolution raises questions about justice and mercy.
61
What are the four tragedies generally acknowledged as Shakespeare's greatest?
* Hamlet
* Othello
* Macbeth
* King Lear
## Footnote
These tragedies feature heavily symbolic plots juxtaposing good and evil.
62
What major themes are explored in King Lear?
The nature of love, madness, and the consequences of misjudgment.
## Footnote
Lear's test of his daughters leads to tragic outcomes, emphasizing human cruelty.
63
What is the significance of the character Gloucester in King Lear?
He parallels Lear as a tragic father, suffering for failing to discern between good and bad children.
## Footnote
His blinding is a pivotal moment that illustrates the play's themes of vision and insight.
64
What is the general perception of Titus Andronicus?
A violent play often criticized for its lack of substance, likened to a Charles Bronson movie.
## Footnote
It is debated whether this play is genuinely Shakespeare's work.
65
What is the main plot of Romeo and Juliet?
The tragic love story of two star-crossed lovers caught in their families' feud.
## Footnote
Despite its popularity, it is often seen simply as a tearjerker.
66
What makes Hamlet unique among revenge tragedies?
Its psychological depth and the protagonist's indecision.
## Footnote
Hamlet's philosophical introspection sets it apart from typical revenge narratives.
67
What is the central theme of Othello?
The deception of appearances, particularly regarding Othello and Iago.
## Footnote
The play explores themes of jealousy and betrayal.
68
What does Macbeth reveal about ambition?
It showcases the destructive nature of unchecked ambition and moral corruption.
## Footnote
Macbeth's actions raise questions about the nature of guilt and conscience.
69
What are the main themes of Antony and Cleopatra?
The complexities of love, power, and the contrast between Rome and Egypt.
## Footnote
Cleopatra's character evolves significantly throughout the play.
70
What is Timon of Athens about?
A morality play focused on vanity and the consequences of excessive generosity.
## Footnote
Timon's descent into cynicism highlights themes of friendship and betrayal.
71
What duality is explored in Coriolanus?
The conflict between aristocratic values and the fickleness of the masses.
## Footnote
The play's ambiguity has led to varied interpretations and adaptations.
72
What term refers to the four comedies Shakespeare wrote after 1608?
Romances
## Footnote
These plays were characterized by their wistfulness and melancholy.
73
What is the setting for the Blackfriars plays?
Staged at night in a closed, artificially lit environment
## Footnote
This setting contributed to the emotional atmosphere expected by the audience.
74
What is the primary theme of The Tempest?
Reconciliation
## Footnote
The play culminates in a marriage that unites previously hostile families.
75
Who is the central character in The Tempest, often associated with Shakespeare himself?
Prospero
## Footnote
He is a magician and duke-in-exile who orchestrates events on the island.
76
What significant event does Prospero create in The Tempest?
A storm and shipwreck
## Footnote
This event captures his usurping brother and a suitor for his daughter.
77
What allegorical theme does The Tempest represent?
Colonialism
## Footnote
It explores the dynamics between colonizers and the native population through characters like Ariel and Caliban.
78
What is the significance of the phrase 'we are such stuff as dreams are made on'?
It reflects the ephemeral nature of life and art
## Footnote
This line emphasizes the illusionary qualities of existence.
79
How does George Bernard Shaw view Shakespeare's relevance?
He believes we are growing out of Shakespeare
## Footnote
Shaw suggests that while Shakespeare's works are charming, they no longer offer hope or learning for modern writers.
80
What is the plot focus of Pericles?
Adventures, long separations, and mistaken identities
## Footnote
The play features fantastical elements and the theme of resolution.
81
What central conflict is presented in Cymbeline?
Princess Imogen against her stepmother
## Footnote
The play includes abductions, disguises, and mistaken identities.
82
What notable event occurs in A Winters Tale?
A character exits 'pursued by a bear'
## Footnote
This absurdity reflects the play's fantastical and allegorical nature.
83
What is the meaning of 'die' in the context of Much Ado About Nothing?
To have an orgasm
## Footnote
Benedick uses this term in a romantic context.
84
What does the term 'fool' refer to in King Lear?
Cordelia
## Footnote
Lear refers to her as 'my poor fool' at the end of the play.
85
What does 'humour' mean in the context of Shakespeare's works?
Mood, idiosyncrasy, temperament
## Footnote
It is a central concept in The Merry Wives of Windsor.
86
Who is considered the second most famous English playwright after Shakespeare?
George Bernard Shaw
## Footnote
Shaw is known for his critical writings and social reform themes.
87
What is the primary aim of Shaw's plays?
To challenge complacency and hypocrisy
## Footnote
Shaw seeks to provoke thought and change in societal norms.
88
What is notable about Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson?
It is regarded as the greatest biography in the English language
## Footnote
The book captures Johnson's character through engaging dialogue.
89
What significant work did Samuel Johnson author?
The Dictionary of the English Language
## Footnote
He compiled this dictionary over eight years, covering notable English literature.
90
Who authored the Dictionary of the English Language?
Samuel Johnson
## Footnote
Johnson wrote the dictionary himself over eight years.
91
What characterizes Boswell as a biographer?
Obsessed with his subject, prodigious memory, application, and revolutionary style
## Footnote
Boswell's biography of Johnson is notable for its depth.
92
Complete the quote: 'If he does really think that there is no distinction between vice and virtue, why, sir, when he leaves our houses let us count our ______.'
spoons
93
True or False: Johnson believed that no man but a blockhead ever wrote except for money.
True
94
What is the general reading difficulty of English novels from the nineteenth century compared to Faulkner?
Easier to read
95
What does the term 'strand' refer to?
Land bordering a river, lake, or sea; especially the area between tidemarks
## Footnote
In London, the street called the Strand occupies the former shore of the Thames.
96
Define 'shingle'.
A stretch of beach covered with loose, smooth pebbles and little or no sand
97
What is a 'bight'?
A bend or indentation in a shoreline or river, forming a wide bay
98
What does a 'glade' represent?
A clearing in a forest where sunlight shines down between tall trees
99
What is a 'copse'?
A thicket of small trees or shrubs, also called 'coppice'
100
What is the difference between a 'moor' and 'heath'?
'Moor' refers to a broad tract of open land, while 'heath' refers to that part of a moor covered with heather
101
Define 'fen'.
Flat, swampy land; a bog, often where peat forms
102
What is a 'sward'?
Any land covered with grassy turf, whether man-made or natural
103
Fill in the blank: A 'vale' is a broad, low-sided valley, generally with a good-sized stream running through it, and a '______' is similar but more intimate.
dale
104
What does 'glen' mean?
A steep, narrow valley, generally remote and unfrequented
105
What are 'downs'?
An expanse of hilly, grassy upland, good for grazing
106
Define 'weld'.
Open, rolling country with lots of woods
107
What is a 'tor'?
A rocky peak, craggy hill, or a pile of rocks on top of a hill
108
What is a 'mere'?
A lake, which can also be as small as a pond
109
What is a 'rill'?
A small brook or stream, a rivulet
110
Define 'croft'.
A small enclosed field or pasture near a house
111
What is a 'stile'?
A set of steps or rungs up one side of a fence or hedge and down the other
112
What does 'thorp' refer to?
The nearest small town or village
113
Define 'chase'.
A privately owned, unenclosed game preserve
114
What is a 'hedgerow'?
A closely planted row of bushes, shrubs, or trees meant to function as a fence or boundary
115
What is the meaning of 'shire'?
Another word for each of the counties into which England is divided
116
What is a 'bower'?
A shaded, leafy recess or arbor for reading or thinking
117
Define 'gazebo'.
A pavilion in the middle of a garden, usually trellised and latticed
118
What is a 'haha'?
A moat or fence sunk into the ground to enclose a garden or park without impairing the view
119
What is the highest class in the societal hierarchy discussed?
The Royals
## Footnote
This class includes kings, queens, and their descendants, who are considered a class unto themselves.
120
Who were the four monarchs during the nineteenth century?
* Victoria (1837-1901)
* George III (reigned until 1820)
* George IV (1811-1820)
* William IV (1830-1837)
## Footnote
Victoria was the most prominent monarch during this period.
121
What is the proper way to greet a king or queen?
Bow or curtsy and say 'your majesty'
## Footnote
After the initial greeting, use 'sir' or 'ma'am.'
122
What titles do the children of the sovereign hold?
Princes and Princesses
## Footnote
Titles are reserved for the children and certain grandchildren of the sovereign.
123
What is the title traditionally conferred on the sovereign's oldest son?
Prince of Wales
124
What is the term used for the peers of the realm in England?
The Nobles
## Footnote
This includes hereditary peers, life peers, and members of the Church of England.
125
What are the five strengths of hereditary peers?
* Dukes and Duchesses
* Marquesses and Marchionesses
* Earls and Countesses
* Viscounts and Viscountesses
* Barons and Baronesses
126
What is the title for the head of the peerage?
Dukes and Duchesses
## Footnote
Dukes historically controlled vast territories and are highly respected.
127
What is the correct pronunciation of 'Marquess'?
MAR-kwiss
128
What is the historical significance of earls?
The title 'earl' was the only hereditary title in England during the eleventh century.
129
What title is given to someone who stands in for a count?
Viscount
## Footnote
The title is derived from the term 'vice' as in 'vice president.'
130
What are the lowest ranks in the peerage hierarchy?
Barons and Baronesses
## Footnote
Barons are not referred to by their titles but as Lord.
131
What title is typically assigned to the oldest son of a duke?
Courtesy title
## Footnote
This title is a lesser one until the father's major title becomes available.
132
What are the titles for lesser nobles?
* Baronet
* Knight
133
What is a baronet?
A 'little baron' created by King James I in 1611.
134
What does the title 'Sir' signify?
It is a title for knights and baronets.
135
What distinguishes gentlemen from the nobility?
Gentlemen have no titles but may have noble lineage.
136
What is an esquire?
A title used for various ranks, historically applied to the sons of peers, baronets, and knights.
137
What are yeomen known for?
Small, independent farmers with a reputation for hard work.
138
What class transitioned from the upper middle class to the middle middle class in the context of small, independent farmers?
Small, independent farmers who were sturdy, hardworking, sometimes educated, and had integrity.
## Footnote
They were respected landowners who could vote but faced pressures from nineteenth-century life.
139
Who is Emma Woodhouse in relation to Harriet Smith?
Emma Woodhouse would not allow poor Harriet Smith to marry a small, independent farmer.
## Footnote
This highlights class distinctions in the society depicted.
140
What is a rector?
The head clergyman of a country parish, who had rights to the parish lands and owned its tithes.
## Footnote
Rectors held their post for life and could pass it on to their sons.
141
How did the social status of rectors change by the beginning of the nineteenth century?
Enough rectors made a killing in local agriculture to become suitable for the younger sons of gentry.
## Footnote
This made the clergy a fit calling for those of higher social standing.
142
What is the difference between a rector and a vicar?
A rector owns the parish lands and tithes, while a vicar stands in for a dead or absent rector and has no control over the land.
## Footnote
Vicars collect an allowance or salary instead of tithes.
143
Define parson.
A general term for the head of a parish, including rectors and vicars, or any Protestant minister below the rank of bishop.
## Footnote
The term is derived from the French word 'personne'.
144
What role does a curate play in a parish?
An assistant to the rector or vicar who usually does most of the tedious church work.
## Footnote
Curates were often poor and insecure.
145
What is the function of a beadle?
A minor parish officer who ushers people in and out of services and keeps parishioners in line.
## Footnote
They have various non-ecclesiastical tasks as well.
146
What does a sexton do?
A dignified janitor responsible for church property, ringing bells, and digging graves.
147
What was the traditional beverage of the upper classes in the nineteenth century?
Wine, particularly claret, was the traditional beverage.
## Footnote
Gentlemen were expected to keep a well-stocked cellar and provide several varieties at dinner.
148
What is claret?
The British term for any red Bordeaux wine.
## Footnote
Claret became particularly popular in England during the nineteenth century.
149
Describe port wine.
A sweet, red, fortified wine originally from Oporto, Portugal, and the drink of choice for the upper class.
## Footnote
It became popular after the British learned to improve its quality.
150
What is hock?
A British term for any white Rhine wine, originally from the Hochheim area of Germany.
## Footnote
Hock was served alongside claret at Victorian dinners.
151
What does sack refer to in British history?
A dry white wine from Spain or the Canary islands, or a heavy, sweetened amber-colored wine.
## Footnote
It was popular in Shakespeare's time.
152
What is sherry?
The world's most popular fortified wine, coming from Spain, particularly Andalusia.
## Footnote
Sherry is preferred in light, dry varieties, known as finos.
153
What is Madeira wine?
A heavily fortified white wine from the Portuguese island of Madeira, popularized in England in the seventeenth century.
## Footnote
Catherine of Braganza introduced it as part of her dowry.
154
What is Sauterne?
The greatest of the white Bordeaux wines, known for being sweet and served with dessert.
155
What is Tokay?
A sweet dessert wine from the town of Tokay in Hungary.
## Footnote
It was served alongside other wines at the end of a Victorian dinner.
156
What is negus?
A mixture of wine, water, and sugar, originally named after Colonel Negus.
## Footnote
It later came to mean mulled port.
157
What is mead?
A sweet, fermented honey wine that was popular in ancient times and considered the official wedding drink by the Babylonians.
## Footnote
It was believed to have intoxicating and medicinal properties.
158
How much beer did the working folk consume in 1876?
Thirty-four gallons for every man, woman, and child in the country.
159
Why was beer drinking considered respectable?
It was safer than drinking from typhoid-ridden public water systems.
## Footnote
Brewing was typically considered a woman's work.
160
Define bitter in the context of British beer.
A light, dry, strong type of draught beer with a relatively high hops and alcohol content.
161
What is BITTER in the context of beer?
A traditionally English type of draught beer that is light, dry, strong, and relatively high in hops and alcohol content
## Footnote
Always ordered as 'a pint of bitter'; not to be confused with bitters.
162
What is PORTER?
A dark brown, heavily hopped brew with a 6 to 7 percent alcohol content and a taste of roasted malt
## Footnote
Originally called 'porter's beer' or 'porter's ale' and favored by actresses and singers.
163
What distinguishes STOUT from PORTER?
Stout is an even stronger, more heavily hopped version of porter
## Footnote
Associated with the Guinness family.
164
What are the class distinctions of beer in England?
Beer was primarily a working-class drink but had fans among the upper classes
## Footnote
Some colleges at Oxford and Cambridge had their own breweries.
165
What is GROG?
Any liquor, especially rum, that has been diluted with water
## Footnote
Named after Admiral Edward Vernon, who ordered rum dilution on ships.
166
What is the significance of GIN in 18th century England?
Gin was promoted as a drink for the working man but led to a gin epidemic among the poor
## Footnote
Nicknamed 'Mother's Ruin' due to its negative effects.
167
What is a PHAETON?
A four-wheeled open carriage that became a status symbol
## Footnote
Marked the transition from transportation to a status symbol.
168
What defines a CABRIOLET?
A two-passenger sports car-like carriage with a hood for privacy
## Footnote
Considered the perfect bachelor's carriage.
169
What is a CURRICLE?
A two-wheeled carriage drawn by a pair of horses, built for speed
## Footnote
Popular among young gentlemen during the Regency.
170
What is a BROUGHAM?
A discreet, black, coachman-driven carriage used by peers
## Footnote
Popular during the Victorian era for its practicality.
171
What characterizes a VICTORIA carriage?
An open, coachman-driven town carriage favored by Victorian ladies
## Footnote
Known for being light, elegant, and easy to climb into.
172
What is a BAROUCHE?
A summer carriage similar to a landau but less formal
## Footnote
Often driven by owners themselves.
173
What is a LANDAU?
A large, formal carriage used for long-distance travel and special occasions
## Footnote
Equivalent to a limo in the 19th century.
174
What is a GIG?
A light, open, one-horse carriage popular for its economy and maneuverability
## Footnote
Often used by country doctors.
175
What is a DOGCART?
A carriage originally built to hold a sportsman's dogs, practical for country use
## Footnote
Used for family outings and considered very practical.
176
What is a WAGONETTE?
An open wagon with bench seats for family excursions
## Footnote
Popular among the upper classes during the 19th century.
177
What is a POST CHAISE?
A hired carriage for gentlemen to travel long distances, painted yellow
## Footnote
Driven by a postillion dressed in yellow.
178
What is a HANSOM CAB?
A hired, taxi-style vehicle considered dashing in Victorian London
## Footnote
Not respectable for a lady to ride alone in one.
179
What is the POUND in the English monetary system?
The basic unit of English currency, originally equivalent to a pound-weight of silver pennies
## Footnote
Symbolized by £ and slang term is 'quid'.
180
What is a SHILLING?
A former unit of currency, twenty of which made up a pound
## Footnote
Abbreviated as s. and slang term is 'bob'.
181
What is a PENNY?
The smallest unit of currency, twelve of which made up a shilling
## Footnote
Available in several denominations like ha'penny and sixpence.
182
What is a GUINEA?
A unit of currency that is one shilling bigger than a pound
## Footnote
Historically used in transactions and auctions.
183
What does £8 3s. Sd. represent?
Eight pounds, three shillings, and eight pence
184
How many shillings are in a pound?
Twenty shillings
185
How many pence are in a shilling?
Twelve pence
186
What is a GUINEA?
A unit worth £1 Is. traditionally used for professional fees and values
187
What is the value of a FLORIN?
Two shillings
188
What is a CROWN worth?
Five shillings
189
What is a FARTHING?
A quarter of a penny
190
What is a MITE?
An eighth of a penny
191
How much did Mrs. Copperfield advertise the caul for?
£15 15s.
192
How much did fifty people pay at the raffle?
£6 5s.
193
What was the total amount Mrs. Copperfield ended up with?
£6 9s. 9d.
194
True or False: Inflation in Britain has consistently risen since 1661.
False
195
What was the value of a pound in 1911 compared to 1665?
A pound would buy more in 1911 than in 1665
196
What major international event caused the value of the pound to fluctuate in the 19th century?
The American Civil War
197
What is one factor that influences the living standard of a society?
The degree of cash transfer vs. barter
198
Fill in the blank: Money seems to go further in an ________ society than in an industrial one.
agricultural
199
What was Dorothea Brooke's annual income in Middlemarch?
Seven hundred a year from her own fortune and nineteen hundred from Mr. Casaubon
200
What is the equivalent of Dorothea Brooke's income in today's money?
At least $75,000 a year
201
What were the major sources of income for aristocrats in the 19th century?
Rents on land
202
How is the name 'Bolingbroke' pronounced?
BOLL-in-brook
203
How is the name 'Pepys' pronounced?
PEE-PS
204
How is the name 'Cowper' pronounced?
COOP-er
205
What is the correct pronunciation of 'Edinburgh'?
ED-in-burra
206
What is the correct pronunciation of 'Glasgow'?
G L A Z - go or G L A Z - k o
207
Fill in the blank: The county names ending in cester drop the ______ and the letter preceding it.
c
208
How is 'Worcester' pronounced?
WOOS-ter
209
True or False: The pronunciation of 'Cholmondeley' is straightforward.
False
210
What is the pronunciation of 'Beauchamp'?
BEECH-em
211
Who is Baron de Charlus?
A closet case and aristocrat from Proust's Rememberance of Things Past
212
What character is described as an aging spinster consumed by hatred?
Cousin Bette from Balzac's Cousin Bette
213
Who is Father Zossima?
A famous church elder from Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov
214
What is Isabel Archer's quest in The Portrait of a Lady?
To find her Destiny
215
Who is Julien Sorel?
A brilliant, hypocritical young parvenu from Stendhal's The Red and the Black
216
What is Dorothea Brooke's primary desire?
To devote herself to a worthy cause
217
Who is Alexey Vronsky?
The dashing young officer from Tolstoy's Anna Karenina
218
What are the traits of Emma Woodhouse?
Handsome, clever, rich, and a terrible snob
219
Who is Stephen Dedalus?
A character from Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses
220
Who is Stephen Dedalus?
A character from Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses, characterized by depth, intelligence, and a driving need to find a father figure.
## Footnote
He resembles James Joyce and is often seen as either a pretentious aesthete or a talented artist.
221
What does Eustacia Vye represent in Hardy's The Return of the Native?
A character who seeks glamour and adventure, ultimately leading to her tragic drowning in a bog after marrying Clym Yeobright, who has different aspirations.
## Footnote
Eustacia is often seen as a symbol of unfulfilled desire.
222
Describe Marlow as a character in Conrad's works.
The narrator of long stories, often depicting moral dilemmas faced by Conrad's outcasts, and considered a sleuth of the soul.
## Footnote
He is known for his introspective nature and storytelling style.
223
What is Mrs. Ramsay's role in Woolf's To the Lighthouse?
An ideal of womanhood who manages her family and guests with grace and compassion, despite financial constraints.
## Footnote
She is depicted as nurturing and efficient.
224
Define 'pathetic fallacy'.
The attribution of human emotions to nature, often used by second-rate poets, but now recognized as a common literary device.
## Footnote
Coined by John Ruskin, it highlights the emotional connection between humans and nature.
225
What is 'intentional fallacy'?
The idea that one should not consider an author's intentions when interpreting their work.
## Footnote
Introduced by critics Wimsatt and Beardsley, it emphasizes close reading of the text over authorial intent.
226
What is the 'affective fallacy'?
The confusion between a poem and its emotional effects on the reader, suggesting that reader response is irrelevant to the work itself.
## Footnote
Also introduced by Wimsatt and Beardsley, it challenges the importance of emotional reaction in literary analysis.
227
What does T.S. Eliot mean by 'objective correlative'?
A set of objects, a situation, or a chain of events that evoke a particular emotion in the audience.
## Footnote
Eliot argued that this is essential for expressing emotion in art.
228
What is 'negative capability' according to Keats?
The ability to accept uncertainties and doubts without the need for rational explanation.
## Footnote
Keats believed that poets should embrace ambiguity and complexity in their thoughts.
229
What is the central theme of Ulysses by James Joyce?
The exploration of everyday life in Dublin through a non-linear narrative that parallels Homer's Odyssey.
## Footnote
The novel emphasizes the mundane yet profound experiences of its characters over a single day.
230
How does Proust's Remembrance of Things Past differ from traditional narratives?
It features a complex structure with extensive introspection and shifts in time and space, focusing on memory and perception.
## Footnote
The narrative style is characterized by long, flowing sentences and deep psychological insight.
231
Fill in the blank: Eustacia Vye marries _______ Yeobright, seeing him as her ticket to adventure.
Clym
232
True or False: The affective fallacy emphasizes the importance of the author's emotional state during the writing process.
False
233
Who wrote the phrase 'negative capability'?
John Keats
234
In Ulysses, Leopold Bloom is analogous to which Greek hero?
Odysseus
235
What does the term 'pathetic fallacy' imply about a poet's relationship with nature?
It suggests that poets attribute human-like emotions to nature, reflecting their own feelings.
236
What is the central obsession of Robert Swann in the text?
An unworthy tart named Odette de Crécy
## Footnote
The characters exchange roles and masks, leading to unexpected outcomes.
237
How is Proust's prose style described?
Interminable, serpentine sentences; constant metaphors, analyses, and digressions; shifts from gloomy reverie to social comedy
## Footnote
This style creates a unique reading experience.
238
What themes does Proust aim to explore?
Consciousness, relationships between transcendence and trendiness, art and love, the self and the other
## Footnote
Proust's theories of relativity are compared to Einstein's.
239
What is the setting of The Magic Mountain?
A sanitarium for the tubercular located high in the Alps before World War I
## Footnote
The characters represent Europe's dispossessed.
240
What does the character Hans Castorp represent?
An 'unremarkable' hero who remains virtually immobile in the sanitarium
## Footnote
His experiences reflect the broader themes of alienation and art.
241
What are some major themes of The Magic Mountain?
Art, alienation, apocalypse
## Footnote
Mann's craftsmanship is described as labored and ham-fisted.
242
What is the significance of Homer in Western literature?
He is considered the starting point of Western literature with the Iliad and the Odyssey
## Footnote
These works are foundational for the epic tradition.
243
What are the main differences between the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Iliad focuses on the Trojan War; Odyssey centers on Odysseus's journey home
## Footnote
This distinction highlights different narrative styles and themes.
244
Who are the main characters in the Iliad?
Achilles, Hector, Agamemnon, Ajax, Priam
## Footnote
These characters embody various aspects of heroism and tragedy.
245
Who are the main characters in the Odyssey?
Odysseus, Telemachus, Penelope, Athena
## Footnote
Their stories revolve around themes of identity and loyalty.
246
What genre does the Iliad represent?
Tragedy
## Footnote
It is considered an ancestor of the drama.
247
What genre does the Odyssey represent?
Comedy
## Footnote
It is said to be an ancestor of the novel.
248
What is the primary theme of the Iliad?
Manliness, force, duty, and the male impulse in war
## Footnote
The narrative explores the complexities of honor and mortality.
249
What is the primary theme of the Odyssey?
Sensitivity, longing, home and family, the quest for identity and intimacy
## Footnote
It addresses the roles of wit, luck, and loyalty.
250
What significant event does the Iliad center around?
The quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles over distribution of booty
## Footnote
This conflict sets off a chain of events leading to tragedy.
251
What significant event does the Odyssey center around?
Odysseus's attempts to return home and Telemachus's quest to find him
## Footnote
Their reunion is a major focus of the narrative.
252
What are the roles of women in Perseus's story?
Danaë, the three Gray Women, Medusa, Andromeda
## Footnote
Women play significant roles, influencing the narrative and Perseus's journey.
253
What is Theseus known for?
Slaying the Minotaur and various adventures including dealing with the Amazons
## Footnote
He is celebrated in myth and drama.
254
What defines Prometheus as a hero?
He is a complex figure representing intelligence, compassion, and rebellion
## Footnote
His story involves themes of sacrifice and enlightenment.
255
What is the significance of Theseus in Greek mythology?
Quasi-legendary, quasi-historical figure, intellect, man of conscience and compassion, father to his people
256
Who is Prometheus and what does his name mean?
Son of one of the Titans, means 'foresight'
257
What major act did Prometheus perform for humanity?
Created man out of clay and stole fire from the sun
258
What punishment did Zeus impose on Prometheus for stealing fire?
Chained to a rock, where an eagle pecked daily at his liver
259
What are the three roles associated with Prometheus?
* Poet
* Rebel
* Martyr/proto-Christ-figure
260
What did Nietzsche and Goethe see in Prometheus?
A symbol of man's creativeness and independence of spirit
261
What are some characteristics of Hercules?
* Strong
* Simple
* Blundering
* Brash
* Commits suicide
262
What is Apollo known for in Greek mythology?
* God of light
* Inventor of medicine
* Master musician
* Ideal of manly beauty
263
What was Apollo's relationship with political power in Greece?
Wielded enormous political power and was a representative of the Establishment
264
Who was Dionysus and what was his appeal?
God of wine, celebrated sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll, attracted followers seeking ecstasy
265
How did the Greek authorities respond to Dionysian revels?
Co-opted them and made them official state occasions
266
What was the significance of the Apollo/Dionysus alliance?
Allowed regulation of Dionysus, making him less threatening and more socially acceptable
267
What contrasting states did Nietzsche describe in relation to Apollo and Dionysus?
* Apollonian: formal, analytical, coldly rational
* Dionysian: primitive, creative, emotional
268
What role did tragic poets play in ancient Greek society?
Combined enlightenment with entertainment, helping people make sense of irrational gods
269
Who are the three great tragic poets of ancient Greece?
* Aeschylus
* Sophocles
* Euripides
270
What innovation did Aeschylus introduce to Greek tragedy?
Put two actors on stage at the same time
271
What is Aeschylus known for in terms of themes and style?
Bold strokes, stirring speeches, relentless buildup of tension
272
What was Sophocles' major contribution to Greek theater?
Introduced a third actor and self-contained tragedies
273
What is the significance of Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex?
Considered by Aristotle as the most perfect of all tragedies
274
What characterized Euripides' approach to tragedy?
Antiauthoritarianism, focus on individual human suffering, psychologically complex characters
275
What was Euripides' fate in terms of public reception?
Ended up a bitter recluse, winning only five first prizes at festivals
276
Who is considered the most modern of the tragedians?
Euripides
## Footnote
Euripides is noted for his psychologically complex characters.
277
What is a significant characteristic of Euripides' characters?
They seem more neurotic than heroic and are continuously aware of their pain
## Footnote
This psychological depth was not well-received in the fifth century B.C.
278
How many first prizes did Euripides win at the Dionysian festivals?
Five
## Footnote
Despite his contributions, he was considered less successful compared to his predecessors.
279
What is 'hamartia' in Greek tragedy?
Usually translated as 'fatal flaw' or 'error'
## Footnote
It is a necessary component of tragedy according to Aristotle.
280
What does 'hubris' refer to?
Arrogance or pride
## Footnote
It can start as a harmless trait taken to extremes.
281
What is 'nemesis' in the context of Greek tragedy?
The inevitable undoing of a hero due to hubris
## Footnote
Originally personified as a quasi-goddess of righteous anger.
282
What does 'catharsis' mean in Greek tragedy?
The purgation or purification of emotions
## Footnote
It is intended to be experienced by both the hero and the audience.
283
What is the Greek concept of 'arete'?
Inborn capacities and their development as the highest purpose of the individual
## Footnote
The Greeks believed that developing one's potential benefits society.
284
What are the three distinct forms of love identified by the Greeks?
* Eros
* Philia
* Agape
## Footnote
Each form has its own nuances and implications.
285
What does 'eros' refer to?
Sexual love, but more complex
## Footnote
It encompasses a yearning for union and self-fulfillment.
286
What is 'philia'?
Friendship
## Footnote
It includes various forms of kindness and benevolence.
287
What does 'agape' imply?
The giving of affection without expecting anything in return
## Footnote
This concept was later influenced by Christian theology.
288
True or False: The Greeks had a single term for love.
False
## Footnote
They distinguished between various forms of love such as eros, philia, and agape.
