Chapter 8: Political Science Flashcards
1
Q
What is the second-biggest country in South America?
A
Argentina
2
Q
What type of ecosystems can be found in Argentina?
A
Subtropical forests, windblown steppes, melting glaciers
3
Q
What is the Argentine name for the Falklands Islands?
A
Las Malvinas
4
Q
What significant event occurred in 1982 regarding the Falklands?
A
The Falklands War between Argentina and Britain
5
Q
What percentage of Argentines live in the pampa?
A
Nearly 40 percent
6
Q
What is the political structure of Argentina?
A
A federal republic comprising twenty-three provinces and a federal district
7
Q
How many presidents did Argentina have between 1939 and 1983?
A
Twenty-four presidents
8
Q
What economic crisis did Argentina face in 2001-2002?
A
A severe economic crisis leading to multiple presidential changes
9
Q
What economic policy is associated with the decline of Argentina’s economy in the 1990s?
A
The Washington Consensus
10
Q
What was the consequence of the Washington Consensus policy?
A
Local industries went bankrupt and over 20% of the workforce was unemployed
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The Argentine peso was on life support due to the _______.
A
Recession in the United States
12
Q
What grassroots movements emerged in Argentina as a result of the economic crisis?
A
Barter clubs, neighborhood associations, worker takeovers of abandoned factories
13
Q
What is Peronism?
A
A political movement named after Juan Domingo Perón, characterized by nationalism and socialism
14
Q
What are the ‘Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo’ known for?
A
Marching to commemorate the desaparecidos during the ‘dirty war’
15
Q
What is the current political system in Cambodia since 1993?
A
A multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy
16
Q
Who is the current prime minister of Cambodia?
A
Hun Sen
17
Q
What significant event occurred in Cambodia in 1993?
A
UN-sponsored elections
18
Q
Fill in the blank: Cambodia’s political system is often described as a nest of _______.
A
Vipers
19
Q
What is the historical significance of Hun Sen in Cambodia?
A
He is a former Khmer Rouge who became a prominent political figure
20
Q
What major issue does Cambodia face in its political landscape?
A
Deadlock in government and executive power consolidation
21
Q
What did former King Norodom Sihanouk do in 2004?
A
He abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Sihamoni
22
Q
What is a common sentiment among Cambodians towards Hun Sen?
A
He is despised by many as a Vietnamese lackey
23
Q
What has been Cambodia’s only significant ally in recent years?
A
China
24
Q
What is Cambodia’s primary international ally?
A
China
China sends vast amounts of aid and encouragement to Cambodia.
25
What significant event occurred thirty years ago in Cambodia?
The Khmer Rouge executed, starved, and worked to death upward of a million and a half Cambodians.
26
What is a major issue related to sex tourism in Phnom Penh?
Forced child prostitution is epidemic.
27
What is Cambodia's rate of HIV infection compared to other Southeast Asian countries?
Highest rate of HIV infection in Southeast Asia.
28
What is a notable tourist attraction in Cambodia?
Angkor Wat
## Footnote
Angkor Wat is currently being restored by French and Japanese governments.
29
What should you know about Cambodia's infrastructure?
It is utterly devoid of infrastructure but rich in amputees due to land mines and unexploded ordnance.
30
What historical figure do many older Cambodians view nostalgically?
Former King Sihanouk.
31
What is the primary political structure of Canada?
A federal union.
32
Which province in Canada is the most populous and prosperous?
Ontario.
33
What is Alberta known for?
Most of the world's second-largest oil reserve.
34
What is the primary political tension in Canada?
Provinces vs. Ottawa.
35
What major health issue is currently facing Canada?
Buckle under the weight of an aging population affecting universal health care.
36
What is a common stereotype about Canadians?
Obedient, glum, shy, repressed, and painfully decent.
37
What year did Canada become completely independent?
1982.
38
Fill in the blank: The province of Quebec is home to ____ percent of the French-Canadian minority.
23.
39
What is the name of Canada's two-house legislature?
House of Commons and Senate.
40
Which political party in Canada was historically dominant?
Liberal Party.
41
What major cultural event is celebrated in Canada that has historical roots?
Queen Victoria's birthday.
42
True or False: The governor-general in Canada has significant powers.
False.
43
What was the British North America Act?
Legislation that made Canada a self-governing dominion in 1867.
44
What is the perception of resource-rich western Canada towards the eastern provinces?
Feels exploited by the slick and populous east.
45
What is the significance of Pierre Trudeau in Canadian politics?
He was a prominent Liberal prime minister.
46
What is the Bloc Québécois known for?
Not declaring independence while nursing resentments.
47
What year did Parliament pass the British North America Act?
1867
48
When did Canada become completely independent?
1982
49
What treaty does Canada support that the United States refuses to sign?
Mine Ban Treaty
50
What are the two main rebel movements in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)?
* Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD)
* Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC)
51
What is the official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo?
French
52
What is commonly referred to as 'Africa's world war'?
The conflict in the DRC that began in 1998
53
True or False: The last election in the DRC was held in 1960.
True
54
What natural feature is the DRC primarily known for?
The Congo River
55
What was the estimated number of Congolese deaths during the conflict known as Africa's world war?
3.8 million
56
Fill in the blank: The average life expectancy of a Congolese man is _______.
forty
57
What was King Leopold II's role in the history of the DRC?
He claimed the Congo River basin as his personal property and established a forced-labor camp.
58
What major event occurred in 1993 regarding Eritrea?
Eritrea formally won its independence from Ethiopia.
59
What type of government does Ethiopia have as of 1994?
Federal republic
60
What geographical feature is Ethiopia primarily characterized by?
High central plateau
61
What year did the Belgian state take over the Congo Free State?
1907
62
What does the DRC's political system currently reflect?
A dictatorship supposedly in transition to representative government
63
What are the names of the two Congolese provinces mentioned?
* Kinshasa
* Ituri
64
What is the primary economic activity for many Congolese?
Illegal extraction of minerals
65
True or False: The CIA backed Joseph Mobutu's overthrow of Patrice Lumumba.
False
66
What mineral is increasingly valuable and used in cell phones extracted from the DRC?
Coltan
67
What are the major ethnic groups in the DRC?
About 250 known ethnic groups
68
What is the main cause of the conflict in the DRC described in the text?
Ethnic hatreds and looting
69
What type of government does Ethiopia have?
Federal government with considerable autonomy for regions
## Footnote
Each region has the right to secede.
70
Who was Emperor Haile Selassie?
The last emperor of Ethiopia, deposed in 1974
## Footnote
Claimed royal descent from King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
71
What political system did the Dergue implement after deposing Haile Selassie?
One-party Marxist system with scientific socialism
## Footnote
Included collective farms and nationalized property.
72
Who emerged as the leader of Ethiopia after the Dergue's infighting?
Colonel Mengistu Mariam
## Footnote
His rule lasted for seventeen years.
73
What nickname was given to Mengistu Mariam?
The black Stalin
## Footnote
Reflects his militant Marxist-Leninist rule.
74
What was the EPRDF?
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
## Footnote
A coalition of rebel groups that overthrew Mengistu in 1991.
75
What significant challenges did the EPRDF face after taking power?
Lack of army, navy, air force, police, money, and infrastructure
## Footnote
Struggled with human rights issues.
76
What event in 2005 led to violent protests in Ethiopia?
Claims of election fraud by the EPRDF
## Footnote
Resulted in a brutal government clampdown.
77
What was the literacy rate in Ethiopia as mentioned?
Approximately 43 percent
## Footnote
Remained stagnant over the past couple of decades.
78
What is the average life expectancy in Ethiopia?
Forty years
## Footnote
Population nearly doubled since the famine of 1984.
79
What does Ethiopia produce that is famous worldwide?
Coffee
## Footnote
Known for producing the world's best coffee.
80
What significant geographic change occurred between Ethiopia and Eritrea?
Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993
## Footnote
Ethiopia became landlocked as a result.
81
What are the five famous rivers of France?
Seine, Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Garonne
## Footnote
Historically important for commerce.
82
What is the current political system of France?
Fifth Republic
## Footnote
Established after the previous four republics ended.
83
How long is the presidential term in France?
Five years
## Footnote
President has significant powers.
84
What are the four major political forces in France?
Conservative neo-Gaullists, non-Gaullist right, Socialists, Communists
## Footnote
Power dynamics have changed over time.
85
What is Gaullism?
Political ideology defined by Charles de Gaulle's presidency
## Footnote
Emphasizes French independence from foreign powers.
86
What is the heart of Gaullism?
The insistence that France be able to survive on her own, without depending on or taking orders from any foreign power.
87
How did France position itself during the Cold War?
By asserting its independence from American and Soviet influence and creating a strong Europe with itself at the helm.
88
What significant actions did France take to assert its independence?
* Creation of the Common Market
* Exploded its own atomic bomb in 1960
* Withdrew from NATO in 1966
* Recognized the government of mainland China early
* Maintained a 'special relationship' with radical Middle Eastern countries.
89
What was France's stance during the Iraq invasion in 2003?
Opposed the U.S. invasion, leading to a brief sense of national unity.
90
What challenges does France face in uniting Europe?
It requires risks and sacrifices that have divided public opinion.
91
What topics are essential to discuss when dating a French person?
* Politics
* Philosophy
* Foreign policy
* The politics of philosophy
* French cinema
* Critique of America.
92
What are grandes écoles?
Elite universities in France that produce most of the country's political and industrial leaders.
93
What is the unemployment rate in France compared to Europe?
France has the highest unemployment rate in Europe.
94
What historical knowledge do the French value in conversations?
The succession of kings in the Merovingian dynasty and events leading to the Third Empire.
95
What is a common criticism the French have towards American culture?
America's foreign policy and perceived Anglo-American hegemonism.
96
What is the political structure of Germany?
A federal republic made up of thirteen Lander and three Freistaaten, with a two-house legislature.
97
What is the role of the chancellor in Germany?
The chancellor is the head of government, with significant political power.
98
Who were the major political players in Germany as of the writing?
* Social Democrats
* Christian Democrats
* Liberal Free Democrats
* Greens.
99
What is Ostpolitik?
Germany's policy of engaging with Eastern countries, particularly Russia.
100
What is a significant change in Germany's foreign policy post-Cold War?
Germany recognized Slovenia and Croatia and supported NATO and EU expansion.
101
What are the two models of Germans today?
* Wessis - former West Germans
* Ossis - former East Germans.
102
What should be avoided in conversations with German parents?
* References to the Holocaust
* Overly positive comparisons to reunification.
103
What has impacted Germany's standard of living post-reunification?
Tax increases and economic challenges related to the costs of reunification.
104
What cultural contributions are associated with Germany?
* Marx
* Freud
* Einstein
* Kant
* Hegel
* Goethe
* Nietzsche.
105
True or False: The Germans have a long-standing policy of military involvement beyond NATO boundaries.
False.
106
What is the most fragmented nation in the world?
Indonesia, with more than seventeen thousand islands.
107
Which island is considered the most important in Indonesia?
Java.
108
What is the most populous Muslim country in the world?
Indonesia.
109
How many languages and dialects are spoken in Indonesia?
Over three hundred mutually unintelligible languages and dialects.
110
What is the official language of Indonesia?
Bahasa Indonesia.
111
What is the governing ethos of Indonesia known as?
Pancasila.
112
What are the five principles of Pancasila?
* Belief in a single supreme god
* Concern for one's neighbors
* Nationalism
* Democracy
* Social justice
113
What significant political change occurred in Indonesia in 2004?
The president was elected by popular vote for the first time.
114
What was the maximum number of terms a president could serve in Indonesia after the 2004 reform?
Two five-year terms.
115
Who were the two significant leaders in Indonesia's history from the end of World War II until 1998?
Sukarno and Suharto.
116
What was Sukarno's political system called?
Guided democracy.
117
What major event allowed Suharto to seize power in 1965?
An abortive pro-Communist coup.
118
What did Suharto's regime prioritize during his rule?
* National identity
* Agricultural self-sufficiency
* Industrial growth
119
What economic crisis affected Indonesia in the late 1990s?
The Asian economic crisis.
120
What major natural disaster struck Indonesia in 2004?
The tsunami.
121
What percentage of Indonesia's population is Muslim?
88 percent.
122
What is the term used for ethnic Malays in Indonesia?
Pribumi.
123
What is a significant characteristic of labor laws in Indonesia?
They are rarely enforced.
124
What is the name of the Islamic terrorist group that bombed Bali in 2002?
Jemaah Islamiyah.
125
What traditional performance art features shadow puppets in Indonesia?
Wayang.
126
What historical colonial power is viewed negatively by many Indonesians?
The Dutch.
127
Fill in the blank: The Indonesian military has traditionally served as the ruling party's _______.
power base.
128
True or False: Indonesia has a strong tradition of enforcing its labor laws.
False.
129
What are the two groups that have been involved in conflicts in Indonesia's provinces like Sulawesi?
* Muslims
* Christians
130
What is one of the main challenges facing Indonesia's economy post-Suharto?
Widespread unemployment.
131
What was Suharto's significant PR blunder involving East Timor?
Gobbling up the Portuguese colony and mistreating its population.
132
What does Italy resemble in shape?
An old boot trying to kick Sicily across the Mediterranean
133
Where is Rome located on the map of Italy?
Just behind the kneecap of the boot
134
What is the term used for everything south of Rome?
Mezzogiorno
135
What natural features run across the top of Italy?
The Alps
136
What mountain range runs the length of Italy?
The Apennines
137
What is Sardinia known for?
Being a mineral-rich vacationland and an integral part of Italy
138
What is the political status of Vatican City?
An absolute monarchy held by the Pope
139
How often is the president of Italy elected?
Every seven years
140
How many governments has Italy had since the end of World War II?
Fifty-nine governments
141
Which party was the dominant political force in Italy for forty-five years?
Christian Democrats
142
What did the Christian Democrats aim to prevent during the Cold War?
The PCI (Communist Party of Italy) from gaining power
143
What event laid low the Christian Democrats in the early 1990s?
A series of corruption scandals
144
Who became prime minister in 2001?
Silvio Berlusconi
145
What party did Silvio Berlusconi lead?
Forza Italia
146
What percentage of Italy's television networks did Berlusconi control?
90 percent
147
What is 'tangenti' in the context of Italian politics?
High-level corruption by politicians and business tycoons
148
What is the 'submerged economy' in Italy?
A system of businesses that avoid taxes and regulation
149
What cultural aspect is significant in southern Italy?
Familismo
150
What is the illiteracy rate in the Mezzogiorno?
Between 20 and 30 percent
151
What notable geographical feature is present in Mexico?
The Yucatan Peninsula
152
Which city is the capital of Mexico and one of the largest metropolises in the world?
Mexico City
153
What was the longest-governing political party in Mexico until the elections of 2000?
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
154
What is the custom known as 'dedazo' in Mexican politics?
The practice of the incumbent president naming their successor
155
Who won the presidential election in Mexico in July 2000?
Vicente Fox
156
What is a major economic dependency of Mexico?
Trade with the United States
157
Fill in the blank: Mexico has the world's ______ largest oil reserves.
seventh
158
True or False: The PRI lost its first national election in 2000.
True
159
What percentage of Mexico's exports are bought by the United States?
Close to 90 percent
160
What is the significance of the year 2001 for the Mexican economy?
A downturn in the U.S. economy shut down factories throughout Mexico's industrial north
161
Who is the left-wing mayor of Mexico City and what is notable about him?
Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador; he is a promising contender in the next presidential elections
162
What do the Zapatistas oppose?
Globalization, privatization, commercialization, and the treatment of indigenous peoples
163
What is a major concern for foreigners dating in Mexico City?
Kidnapping is a significant risk
164
What is the demographic composition of Mexico in terms of ethnicity?
30 percent Indian, 60 percent mestizo
165
What historical event does the 1910-1917 revolution relate to in Mexico?
It broke the power of the old aristocracy and produced a constitution
166
What is the primary economic activity of young women in maquiladoras?
Assembling electronic components and other products for transnational companies
167
Fill in the blank: The Miskito Indians consider themselves a nation apart from _______.
Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans
168
What historical figure is associated with the Sandinista revolution?
Daniel Ortega
169
What was the outcome of the elections held in Nicaragua in 1984?
Daniel Ortega became president amid accusations of rigged elections
170
Who was Violeta de Chamorro?
The president elected in 1990 who replaced Ortega
171
What is Nicaragua's current political status?
A struggling democracy
172
True or False: The voting age in Nicaragua is sixteen.
True
173
What was one of the Sandinistas' major achievements regarding education?
Virtually eliminated adult illiteracy in a year
174
What does the term 'jojido' refer to in the context of Nicaragua?
The country is all screwed up
175
What economic challenge do many Nicaraguans face?
Around 60 percent of the workforce is unemployed or underemployed
176
What strategy did the U.S. government employ against Nicaragua during the 1980s?
CIA-directed contra war against the Sandinista government
177
Fill in the blank: The Somoza clan ruled Nicaragua like a _______.
Shady family business
178
What is a common employment situation for dates in Nicaragua?
Unemployed or underemployed, with about 60 percent of the workforce affected
## Footnote
This reflects the economic challenges faced in Nicaragua.
179
What activities might you do with a date in Managua?
Selling candy or oranges at traffic lights, washing windshields, scrubbing laundry
## Footnote
These activities highlight informal work opportunities in urban areas.
180
What kind of environment can you expect in the capital of Nicaragua?
Broad boulevards, splashing fountains, luxury hotels, new malls
## Footnote
These developments were funded by tax money, improving the city's aesthetic.
181
What is the daily wage for agricultural work in Nicaragua?
Half a dollar a day
## Footnote
This reflects the low wages in rural areas, particularly in agriculture.
182
What percentage of the Nicaraguan population is mestizo?
Nearly 70 percent
## Footnote
Mestizos are individuals of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.
183
What historical event might have influenced your date's parents' perspectives?
Nicaragua's civil war
## Footnote
Families were often split between Sandinistas and contras, leading to lasting estrangements.
184
What role did the Catholic Church play in Nicaragua's political landscape?
Mobilized campesinos during the Sandinistas' rebellion and later became politically divided
## Footnote
The Church's influence has varied over time, impacting political dynamics.
185
What is a significant feature of Nigeria's geography?
Swamps, tropical forests, grasslands, savannas, and semidesert
## Footnote
Nigeria's diverse topography affects its socio-economic conditions.
186
What is Nigeria's status in terms of population?
Most populous country in Africa with around 130 million inhabitants
## Footnote
This demographic factor influences Nigeria's political and social challenges.
187
What type of government does Nigeria have?
U.S.-style presidential democracy
## Footnote
This system has faced challenges from military interventions and corruption.
188
What historical event led to Nigeria's federal republic structure?
Independence in 1960
## Footnote
Nigeria was initially organized into four self-governing territories.
189
What major conflict occurred in Nigeria during the 1960s?
Civil war over the attempted secession of Biafra
## Footnote
This conflict resulted in significant loss of life and economic disruption.
190
What significant economic resource does Nigeria export?
Oil
## Footnote
Nigeria is the world's sixth-leading exporter of oil, influencing its economy.
191
What challenges does Nigeria face with its ethnic diversity?
250 ethnic groups with language differences and historical antagonisms
## Footnote
This diversity complicates governance and social cohesion.
192
What is a common issue faced by Nigerians regarding infrastructure?
Frequent power outages and poor telecommunications
## Footnote
These issues affect daily life and communication.
193
What should you expect when meeting a Nigerian date's parents in the north?
They are likely to be Hausas, conservative, and traditional
## Footnote
The Hausas are a significant ethnic group in Nigeria with a strong Muslim influence.
194
What characteristics define Yoruba parents in Nigeria?
Sophisticated, well-educated, and known for hospitality
## Footnote
The Yoruba are influential in Nigerian politics and education.
195
What should you avoid discussing with Igbos from southeastern Nigeria?
Biafra
## Footnote
The topic is sensitive due to historical tensions and conflicts.
196
What is a major concern for the Nigerian economy?
Widespread corruption
## Footnote
Nigeria ranks high on lists of the world's most corrupt countries.
197
What is a cultural consideration when dating in Nigeria?
Understanding ethnic tensions and language barriers
## Footnote
Communication may be challenging due to diverse languages and regional differences.
198
What marks the spot at which the Muslim and Hindu worlds collide?
Pakistan
## Footnote
Pakistan is positioned between India and Iran, making it a significant geographical and cultural intersection.
199
What are the four provinces of Pakistan?
* Northwest Frontier
* Punjab
* Sindh
* Baluchistan
## Footnote
Pakistan also includes a territory called Federally Administered Tribal Areas.
200
What type of government does Pakistan have?
Parliamentary pseudo-democracy
## Footnote
The political system has been characterized by military takeovers and civilian government struggles.
201
Who was the first woman to head a Muslim country?
Benazir Bhutto
## Footnote
She served as Prime Minister of Pakistan and was dismissed twice for corruption.
202
What significant event happened in Pakistan in 1977?
General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq staged a coup against Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
## Footnote
Zia later enforced Islamic law and appointed himself president.
203
What was the outcome of the 1999 military coup in Pakistan?
General Pervez Musharraf took control, leading to military rule
## Footnote
His regime was marked by controversial referendums and constitutional amendments.
204
What legal systems does Pakistan's legal framework combine?
Sharia (Islamic law) and British common law
## Footnote
This reflects the country's historical and cultural influences.
205
What was the impact of the Cold War's end on Pakistan?
Pakistan was dropped from Washington's A-list
## Footnote
However, it remained important due to its position in the Kashmir conflict and as a moderate Islamic state.
206
True or False: Both India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons.
True
## Footnote
This fact adds tension to their ongoing disputes, especially over Kashmir.
207
What is the significance of Abdul Qadeer Khan in Pakistan?
He is considered a national hero for his role in nuclear proliferation
## Footnote
Khan secretly assisted other countries in developing nuclear weapons and was pardoned by the government.
208
What is the primary geographical feature of Saudi Arabia?
Desert
## Footnote
Saudi Arabia consists mostly of arid land, with only 2% suitable for agriculture.
209
Who established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia?
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud
## Footnote
He unified various tribes and territories in 1932.
210
What is the Basic Law of Government in Saudi Arabia?
The closest thing the country has to a written constitution
## Footnote
It was presented by King Fahd in 1992.
211
What was the significance of the 2004 elections in Saudi Arabia?
It was the first-ever national elections
## Footnote
However, women were not allowed to vote, and most winners were preapproved by clerics.
212
What percentage of the world's proven oil reserves does Saudi Arabia hold?
More than a quarter
## Footnote
They are also the largest oil exporters globally.
213
Fill in the blank: The capital of Saudi Arabia is _______.
Riyadh
## Footnote
Riyadh is located in the central region of the country.
214
What is the role of the ulama in Saudi Arabia?
They function as clergy and the national judicial system
## Footnote
They apply sharia law and can sometimes override the monarch.
215
What significant event in 1990 affected Saudi Arabia's religious landscape?
The Gulf War left Saudi Arabia with upset religious leaders due to the presence of American soldiers
## Footnote
The presence of infidel American soldiers was seen as a sacrilege in a fundamentalist state.
216
What prompted the Americans to move from Saudi Arabia to Qatar in 2003?
Feeling unwelcome due to the presence of radical groups and subsequent bombings in Riyadh
## Footnote
The radical groups were enraged by the American military presence.
217
What internal conflict exists within the Saudi royal family?
A split between traditionalists and modernists
## Footnote
This conflict is exacerbated by ties to the United States and anti-American sentiment in the Middle East.
218
What are common professional options for Saudi women?
Teacher, nurse, social worker, princess, or unemployed
## Footnote
Professional options remain limited for women in Saudi Arabia.
219
What is the dress code for women in Saudi Arabia?
Veiled and covered head to toe by a loose-fitting black abaya
## Footnote
Only men are allowed to wear white clothing in the heat.
220
What notable change occurred in Saudi Arabia regarding marriage in 2005?
The country's top religious leader banned forced marriages
## Footnote
This change may not be widely enforced in rural areas.
221
What is a common situation for Saudi men regarding employment?
Many are unemployed, with millions of guest workers filling jobs
## Footnote
Saudi men often refuse to do menial jobs.
222
What is Wahhabism?
The particularly austere brand of Islam that is Saudi Arabia's official religion
## Footnote
Many university graduates study only this form of Islam.
223
What household comforts do most Saudi families typically own?
Air conditioner, washing machine, radio, television, and multiple DVD players
## Footnote
These comforts are common in urban households.
224
What role do the mutawin play in Saudi society?
They are the religious police monitoring behavior
## Footnote
They oversee issues like drinking, drug use, and dating.
225
What should you avoid discussing when meeting your date's parents?
The oldest son of Abdul Aziz, Saud, and be respectful when mentioning Faisal
## Footnote
Saud was deposed for incompetence, while Faisal is respected for his leadership.
226
What is the hajj?
The pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is required to make once in their lifetime
## Footnote
Exceptions are made for those with legitimate reasons.
227
What is salat al-fajr?
The dawn prayers, one of five compulsory prayer sessions in a day
## Footnote
These prayers are fundamental to daily Muslim practice.
228
What demographic change has occurred among the Bedouins?
Their population has significantly decreased
## Footnote
They are now fewer in number compared to cities like Sacramento and Hartford.
229
What modernization is evident in Saudi Arabia?
Car dealerships, large construction projects, and major airports
## Footnote
These developments reflect the country's modernization efforts.
230
True or False: Saudi women are allowed to drive.
False
## Footnote
Women still face restrictions on driving in Saudi Arabia.
231
What is the official name of Switzerland?
Swiss Confederation
## Footnote
Switzerland is a federal republic.
232
How many cantons does Switzerland have?
Twenty-six, including six half-cantons
## Footnote
Each canton has its own constitution, budget, and laws.
233
What languages are spoken in Switzerland?
French, German, Italian
## Footnote
The western sector speaks French, the central and eastern sectors speak German, and the south speaks Italian.
234
True or False: Switzerland is known for its direct democracy.
True
## Footnote
Citizens participate in many referenda and initiatives.
235
What is the role of the federal council in Switzerland?
Executive branch; members choose a new president and vice president annually
## Footnote
The council consists of seven members representing leading political parties.
236
What is the significant military history of Switzerland during the Cold War?
Maintained Europe's second-largest army and a reserve system for able-bodied men
## Footnote
This was to defend a population of six million.
237
What controversial law was in effect in Switzerland until 2002?
Requirement for every Swiss home and business to have a fallout shelter
## Footnote
Many shelters were repurposed as laundry rooms and wine cellars.
238
What party gained significant influence in Switzerland in 2003?
Swiss People's Party (SVP)
## Footnote
Its rise disrupted the longstanding 'Magic Formula' of power-sharing.
239
What was the status of women's voting rights in Switzerland?
Women gained the right to vote in 1971, with some cantons delaying until 1991
## Footnote
This highlights the gradual progress in gender equality.
240
What is the geographical layout of Taiwan?
Teardrop-shaped island located off the southern coast of China
## Footnote
Known as Formosa and officially the Republic of China.
241
What political system does Taiwan have?
Capitalist-style democracy since 2000
## Footnote
It transitioned from strict martial law under Chiang Kai-shek.
242
Who was the leader that started liberalization in Taiwan?
Chiang Ching-kuo
## Footnote
He legalized opposition parties and eased press restrictions.
243
What event in 1949 significantly affected Taiwan's political landscape?
The arrival of two million defeated Nationalists from mainland China
## Footnote
This set the stage for Taiwan's long-standing political situation.
244
What was the impact of international relations on Taiwan in the 1970s?
Taiwan was ousted from the United Nations and lost recognition from several countries
## Footnote
This included the U.S. normalizing relations with mainland China.
245
What is the current economic situation in Taiwan?
Successful economy largely driven by small businesses and factories
## Footnote
Taiwan's per capita income has dramatically increased since the postwar era.
246
What political parties are significant in Taiwan's current politics?
Kuomintang (KMT) and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)
## Footnote
KMT favors reunification with China, while DPP supports independence.
247
What is a common cultural attitude among Taiwanese regarding ambition and success?
High value placed on ambition, success, and economic achievement
## Footnote
This is reflected in the hard work of many families in small businesses.
248
Fill in the blank: The Swiss economy has been impacted by _______.
Global recession
## Footnote
This reflects the interconnectedness of global markets.
249
True or False: Taiwan is seen as a fully independent nation by all its inhabitants.
False
## Footnote
Many Taiwanese still grapple with the identity and political status regarding mainland China.
250
What is the current political stance of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in Taiwan?
It is vociferously pro-independence.
251
What percentage of Taiwan's population is made up of Taiwanese people?
Over 85 percent.
252
What major historical event involved the killing of about ten thousand Taiwanese people?
Riots during the arrival of Chinese Nationalists.
253
What was the duration of Japanese rule in Taiwan?
Fifty years.
254
What does the term 'gecekondu' refer to in Turkey?
Shantytowns built overnight.
255
What major political change occurred in Turkey in 1923?
It became a republic.
256
Which political party won a landslide victory in Turkey's 2002 parliamentary elections?
Justice and Development Party (AKP).
257
Who is the current prime minister of Turkey as of the text's context?
Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
258
What military influence exists in Turkey's politics?
The adamantly secular Turkish army acts as a political force.
259
What significant reform did Turkey implement regarding the death penalty?
It was abolished.
260
What is a major cultural issue regarding gender in Turkey?
Honor killings were not outlawed until 2004.
261
What does the term 'Kongra-Gel' refer to?
A political group made up of former members of the Kurdish Workers Party (PKK).
262
What major language reform did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk implement?
Changed the written form of Turkish from Arabic to Latin.
263
What is the relationship between Turkey and the European Union?
Turkey is in negotiations for EU membership, facing ongoing rejections.
264
What is a common misconception about Turkey's ethnic identity?
Turkey is often mistakenly identified as an Arab nation.
265
What is the significance of the Bosporus Strait in Turkey?
It controls traffic from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.
266
Fill in the blank: The PKK declared a cease-fire in ______.
1999.
267
True or False: Most Turks identify as Muslim.
True.
268
What historical empire's remnants are Turks ambivalent about?
The Ottoman Empire.
269
What was the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
A federation of republics that existed from 1945 to 1991.
270
What countries are included in the term 'Balkan states'?
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, part of Romania, and the European piece of Turkey.
271
What is the geographical significance of both the Balkans and the Caucasus?
They straddle classic East-West fault lines.
272
What has contributed to the complex issues in the Balkans?
Centuries of subjugation by conquerors and conflicting customs.
273
What historical factors contribute to the conflicts in the Balkans?
Centuries of subjugation, conflicting customs, divided loyalties, mistrust, and gung-ho nationalism
## Footnote
These factors have made the region susceptible to manipulation by outside powers.
274
Who managed to hold together Yugoslavia for thirty-five years?
Josip Tito
## Footnote
Tito's leadership promoted pride and improved living standards in Yugoslavia.
275
What happened to ethnic relationships in Yugoslavia after Tito's death?
Ethnic groups that once cohabited peacefully turned to violence and committed atrocities against each other
## Footnote
This included ethnic Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, and Albanians.
276
What major event occurred in the Balkans in 1995?
The worst of the infighting ended
## Footnote
However, NATO's invasion of Serbia in 1998-1999 did not improve the situation.
277
What are some ongoing issues in the Balkans post-conflict?
Blood feuds, demolished infrastructure, widespread poverty, massive unemployment, political corruption, organized crime
## Footnote
These issues contribute to high regional stress levels.
278
What is the demographic makeup of Kosovo?
90-percent ethnic Albanian population with a Serbian minority
## Footnote
Kosovo is considered a historic heartland by Serbs.
279
What was the outcome of the 2001 civil war in Macedonia?
Ethnic Albanians and Macedonians engaged in a six-month civil war
## Footnote
This conflict highlighted ethnic tensions within the country.
280
What defines the Caucasus region geographically?
Rugged mountains and surrounding lowlands between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea
## Footnote
It has historical and cultural ties with Europe.
281
What was the status of the Caucasus prior to 1991?
Part of the USSR
## Footnote
The region experienced significant political changes after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
282
What is a major issue in the North Caucasus region?
Ethnic and linguistic diversity leading to conflicts
## Footnote
Over fifty different languages are spoken in the area.
283
What are the economic conditions in the North Caucasus?
Dirt-poor and struggling with high levels of discontent
## Footnote
Most republics are predominantly Muslim and have grievances against the government.
284
What significant event occurred in Beslan, North Ossetia in 2004?
A terrorist attack during which three hundred hostages were killed
## Footnote
This highlighted the severe security issues in the region.
285
What is the historical significance of Chechnya?
Chechnya declared independence in 1991 and faced two wars with Russia
## Footnote
The region has a long history of conflict with Russian authority.
286
What has NATO's role evolved into post-Cold War?
NATO began responding to regional conflicts and terrorism, undertaking military actions without UN approval
## Footnote
This included operations in Kosovo and Afghanistan.
287
What is the founding year of NATO?
1949
## Footnote
NATO was established during the Cold War to counter the Soviet threat.
288
What is the primary purpose of NATO?
Military-defense treaty providing mutual assistance and collective action
## Footnote
An attack against one member is considered an attack against all.
289
What significant military action did NATO take in 1999?
Bombed Yugoslavia for eleven weeks to stop ethnic cleansing in Kosovo
## Footnote
This was NATO's first use of force against a sovereign state without UN approval.
290
What was the European Union originally called?
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
## Footnote
It facilitated the flow of coal and steel resources among member nations.
291
What countries were the founding members of the ECSC?
France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg
## Footnote
These nations pooled their resources to foster economic cooperation.
292
What was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)?
An organization formed in 1952 by six European nations to pool coal and steel resources and eliminate protective tariffs.
## Footnote
The ECSC included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
293
What significant transformation did the ECSC undergo by 1992?
It evolved into the European Union (EU), aiming for complete economic and political union.
## Footnote
The ECSC became known as the European Economic Community (EEC) and later the European Community (EC).
294
Which countries joined the EU by 2004?
Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Cyprus.
## Footnote
These were the ten new states that joined the EU in its biggest expansion.
295
What is the significance of the euro?
It is the single currency adopted by the European Union, facilitating economic integration among member states.
296
What were the main tensions among EU member states?
Conflicts over agricultural policy and differing views on deepening versus broadening the EU.
## Footnote
Germany and France favored deepening the EU, while Britain preferred broadening it.
297
What is the OECD?
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, established in 1948 to administer the Marshall Plan and promote economic growth among member countries.
## Footnote
Initially, it included only European countries, later expanding to include the US, Canada, Japan, and other nations.
298
What is the G7/G8?
A group formed in 1975 by the six largest industrial democracies to discuss economic policy; it expanded to include Russia, becoming the G8.
## Footnote
The G7 includes the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, and Italy.
299
What is the OAS?
The Organization of American States, formed in 1948 to promote peace and security in the Americas.
## Footnote
Cuba was expelled in 1962, and Canada joined in 1990.
300
What does the OAS primarily focus on?
Monitoring elections and addressing military coups in the Americas, though it is limited in its intervention capabilities.
301
What is OPEC?
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, founded in 1960 to manage oil production and stabilize prices.
## Footnote
Its founding members included Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela.
302
What was a major event involving OPEC in 1973?
OPEC imposed an oil embargo on the US, drastically increasing oil prices from around $3 to $12 per barrel.
303
What is the OAU?
The Organization of African Unity, established in 1963 to promote unity and development among African nations.
## Footnote
It has since grown to fifty-three members, including every independent African country.
304
What are the main goals of the OAU?
Promoting unity, defending sovereignty, eradicating colonialism, and coordinating policies among member states.
305
What is ASEAN?
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, formed in 1967 to promote regional security among Southeast Asian countries.
306
Which countries were the founding members of ASEAN?
Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia.
307
What year was ASEAN formed?
1967
308
Which countries were original members of ASEAN?
* Thailand
* Malaysia
* Singapore
* Philippines
* Indonesia
309
What was ASEAN's initial focus after its formation?
Containing Communism
310
When did ASEAN begin to shift its focus to security matters?
Early 1990s
311
What does ASEAN describe itself as?
Mellow and consensus-seeking
312
What was the purpose of the Asian Regional Forum (ARF)?
To include ASEAN member states and their dialogue partners
313
Which country joined ASEAN as a full member in 1994?
Brunei
314
What is the population goal for the ASEAN community by 2020?
500 million
315
What trade agreement does ASEAN seek with China?
To create the world's most populous market
316
What does CIS stand for?
Commonwealth of Independent States
317
When was the CIS founded?
December 1991
318
Which three countries initially founded the CIS?
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Belarus
319
What was one of the goals of the CIS?
Prevention of inter-republic warfare
320
What does APEC stand for?
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
321
When was APEC founded?
1989
322
What is APEC's official mission?
Free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific
323
What was the significant economic event that affected APEC's progress?
Asian economic bust of 1997-1998
324
What does WTO stand for?
World Trade Organization
325
When was the WTO created?
1995
326
What did the WTO succeed?
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
327
What is the primary goal of the WTO?
To promote free trade
328
How many members did the WTO have as of the writing?
148
329
What is NAFTA?
North American Free Trade Agreement
330
When did NAFTA go into effect?
January 1, 1994
331
Which countries are part of NAFTA?
* United States
* Canada
* Mexico
332
What was one of the controversial issues surrounding NAFTA?
Job creation estimates
333
What is one criticism of NAFTA?
Only rich shareholders benefited
334
What geographical division separates North and South America?
Isthmus of Panama
335
What term collectively refers to Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas?
Latin America
336
What is the primary purpose of the WTO regarding trade disputes?
To settle disputes over international trade rules
337
What term collectively refers to Mexico, Cuba, Chile, and Argentina?
Latin America
## Footnote
Latin America includes countries that speak Romance languages.
338
What are the seven nations that make up Central America?
* Guatemala
* Belize
* Honduras
* El Salvador
* Nicaragua
* Costa Rica
* Panama
## Footnote
Belize was formerly known as British Honduras.
339
What does Middle America encompass?
* Central America
* Mexico
* Caribbean countries
## Footnote
Middle America includes regions regardless of language and colonial past.
340
What is Meso-America?
The area from Mexico to roughly Nicaragua, rich in pre-Columbian architecture and artifacts.
341
What term refers to Latin Americans who speak Spanish?
Spanish America
## Footnote
This includes Mexicans, Central Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans.
342
What is the formal name of the United Kingdom?
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
343
What does the British Isles refer to?
The islands of Britain and Ireland, along with groups like the Shetlands and Orkneys.
344
What was the British Empire known for at its height?
450 million people spread over 14 million square miles, a quarter of the earth's population and land surface.
345
What is the current term for the organization formerly known as the British Commonwealth?
The Commonwealth of Nations.
346
What do you call a person from Britain?
Briton.
347
Which countries are included in the Middle East?
* Turkey
* Cyprus
* Syria
* Lebanon
* Israel
* Jordan
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Arabian Peninsula
* Libya
* Sudan
* Ethiopia
* Somalia
* Iran
* Afghanistan
## Footnote
The term 'Mideast' is also commonly used.
348
What does the term Arab world exclude?
* Israel
* Iran
* Ethiopia
* Turkey
## Footnote
The Arab world includes Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Maghreb.
349
What is the Maghreb?
A regional grouping of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco.
350
What is the historical definition of Palestine?
Territory roughly defined by present-day Israel, including parts of Jordan and Egypt.
351
What does 'Asia Minor' refer to?
Essentially Turkey, specifically the 95 percent that is not in Europe.
352
What is the Fertile Crescent?
An area from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to the Persian Gulf, known as a Cradle of Civilization.
353
What does the term 'Levant' refer to?
The eastern tier of the Mediterranean, especially the Syria-Lebanon region.
354
What was the traditional use of the term 'Orient'?
To designate Turkey, Arabia, Egypt, and Persia.
355
What is the Far East?
China, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines.
