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Microbiology 260 > Chapter 9 objectives > Flashcards

Chapter 9 objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host, and cause some degree of harm.

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

superoxide dismutase and oxidase.

catalase and hydrogen peroxidases.

superoxide dismutase and catalase.

A

superoxide dismutase and catalase

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3
Q

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a/n

A

aerobe

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4
Q

E. coli bacteria that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship.

A

mutualistic

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5
Q

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/n

A

growth factor

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6
Q

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

hypertonic

mesotonic

isotonic

hypotonic

A

hypotonic

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7
Q

The process by which a cell uses ATP to enclose a substance in its membrane, by forming a vacuole and engulfing it, is called:

A

endocytosis

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8
Q

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated in a standard incubator, in an anaerobic jar, and in a candle jar. After incubation, there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture in the incubator. This species is a/n

microaerophile.

aerobe.

anaerobe.

facultative anaerobe.

A

facultative anaerobe

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9
Q

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

A

carrier proteins in the membrane

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10
Q

A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37° C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a/n

A

thermoduric microbe

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11
Q

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing at an exponential rate, is the

A

lag phase

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12
Q

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45° C to 60° C would be called a/n

A

thermophile

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13
Q

Contractile vacuoles are

A

used to expel excess water from cells

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13
Q

Microorganisms require large quantities of ______ for use in cell structure and metabolism:

A

macronutrients

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13
Q

What is the difference between mutualism and synergism?

In a synergistic relationship the organisms cannot survive without each other.

In a synergistic relationship both organisms benefit, but in a mutualistic relationship both organisms are harmed.

In a mutualistic relationship the organisms are dependent upon each other.

A

in a mutualistic relationship the organisms are dependent upon each other

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13
Q

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A

thioglycollate

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13
Q

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except:

mesophiles.

anaerobes.

psychrophiles

A

psychrophiles

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14
Q

The milk that you bought from a grocery store a month ago got pushed to the back of the refrigerator hidden by other objects. Finding it a month later, unopened, you would like to now use it. Which statement is true?

The milk will still be fresh since it is a sterilized product.

The milk will still be fresh since the lactose sugar prevents the growth of any microorganisms.

Only thermoduric bacteria will be thriving in the milk.

A

Only thermoduric bacteria will be thriving in the milk.

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15
Q

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that:

are extremely cold.

are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO2.

have abundant oxygen and CO2.

A

are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO2.

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15
Q

An important mineral ion that is a component of chlorophyll, and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is:

potassium.

zinc.

magnesium.

A

magnesium.

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16
Q

The term facultative refers to:

the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.

using chemicals for energy production.

using light for energy production.

A

the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.

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17
Q

A microaerophile:

grows with or without oxygen.

needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.

requires a small amount of oxygen but won’t grow at normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.

A

requires a small amount of oxygen but won’t grow at normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.

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18
Q

A loopful of bacteria containing 1000 bacterial cells is inoculated into a nutrient broth and incubated. The culture was in lag phase for 10 minutes and then went into exponential log phase growth for 5 hours. The generation time for the bacterium is 15 minutes. Which equation set up is the correct one to determine how many cells at the end of the 5 hours of log phase growth.

1000 X 2(4)

1000 X 2(20)

1000 X 5 X 2 X 15

1000 X 40

A

1000 X 2(20)

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration is an example of:

photoautotrophy.

methanoheterophy.

chemoheterotrophy.

photoheterotrophy.

A

chemoheterotrophy.

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20
Q

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called:

phototrophs.

parasites.

autotrophs.

saprobes.

A

saprobes.

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21
Q

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the:

cell membrane.

peptidoglycan layer.

cell wall.

nuclear membrane.

A

cell membrane.

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22
Q

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called:

synergism.

symbiosis.

mutualism.

A

synergism.

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23
Q

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the:

stationary phase.

log phase.

death phase.

A

stationary phase.

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24
Q

After using the jelly on a sandwich, you close the jar and inadvertently place it on a room temperature shelf instead of in the refrigerator. When looking for the jelly a couple of weeks later and finding it on the shelf, you notice growth of a microorganism on the top of the jelly. What type of organism is likely to grow in this environment?

a fungus

a bacterium

a virus

A

a fungus

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24
Q

A bacterium is inoculated into a tube of nutrient broth and incubated. After incubation, it appears turbid throughout, top to bottom, with the most amount of turbidty at the very top. This bacterium would be called a:

aerotolerant

facultative anaerobe

psychrotroph

A

facultative anaerobe

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25
Q

Calcium is required for bacteria because it:

maintains cellular pH.

stabilizes the cell wall.

makes strong cell walls.

A

stabilizes the cell wall.

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26
Q

Microorganisms require small quantities of ______ for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure:

trace elements

growth factors

macronutrients

A

trace elements

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27
Q

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a:

saprobe.

heterotroph.

photoautotroph.

A

photoautotroph.

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28
Q

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

copper

nitrogen

oxygen

A

copper

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29
Q

Which of the following environmental conditions would be inappropriate for isolation of extremophilic microorganisms?

a yogurt container, pH 4.7

seawater, NaCl content of 3.5%

a compost pile with decaying vegetables and grass, temperature of 55 degree celsius

A

a compost pile with decaying vegetables and grass, temperature of 55 degree celsius

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30
Q

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments is a/n:

facultative anaerobe.

obligate anaerobe.

obligate aerobe.

A

facultative anaerobe.

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31
Q

The term obligate refers to:

the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.

using light for energy production.

existing in a very narrow niche.

A

existing in a very narrow niche

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32
Q

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called:

facilitated diffusion.

diffusion.

active transport.

A

active transport.

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32
Q

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator (5°c), out on a lab bench top (22°c), on the shelf of a 37° C incubator, and on the shelf of a 50° C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37° C and 50° C, slight growth in the refrigerator, and abundant growth on the lab bench top. What term could be used for this species?

mesophile

halophile

psychrotroph

A

psychrotroph

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33
Q

When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship, and one benefits but the other is not harmed, it is called:

synergism.

mutualism.

commensalism.

A

commensalism.

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34
Q

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a/n:

obligate anaerobe.

facultative anaerobe.

obligate aerobe.

A

obligate aerobe.

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35
Q

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed:

exocytosis.

pinocytosis.

phagocytosis.

A

phagocytosis.

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36
Q

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with:

carbon dioxide.

high salt.

oxygen.

A

oxygen.

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37
Q

Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic conditions most detrimental?

bacteria

fungi

protozoa

A

protozoa

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38
Q

You inoculate the bacterium into 3 tubes of nutrient broth medium containing salt–0.5% NaCl, 5% NaCl, and 15% NaCl. After incubation, you notice that the organism is growing very well in the 15%, and somewhat in the 5%. There is no growth in the third tube. This organism would be called:

barophilic

osmophobic

halophilic

A

halophilic

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39
Q

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32° C is called a/n:

psychrophile.

extremophile.

facultative psychrophile.

A

facultative psychrophile.

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40
Q

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

diffusion

endocytosis

A

endocytosis

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41
Q

Which organism below has a problem in maintaining cellular electrolyte and fluid balance in its environment?

a protozoan in a fresh-water lake

a bacterium in Great Salt Lake

a bacterium in a fresh-water lake

all of the above

A

all of the above

42
Q

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a/n:

facultative anaerobe.

obligate anaerobe.

obligate aerobe.

A

obligate anaerobe

43
Q

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is:

potassium.

iron.

magnesium.

A

iron.

44
Q

This bacterium is photosynthetic, but without light it can use organic compounds to make energy. Its carbon source is a organic compound. The appropriate classification for this organisms would be:

photoautotroph

photoheterotroph

chemoautotroph

A

photoheterotroph

45
Q

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called:

facilitated diffusion.

osmosis.

diffusion.

A

diffusion.

46
Q

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called:

osmosis.

diffusion.

endocytosis.

A

osmosis.

47
Q

Human pathogens fall into the group called:

halophiles.

mesophiles.

thermophiles.

A

mesophiles.

48
Q

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the:

lag phase.

stationary phase.

log phase.

A

stationary phase.

49
Q

The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called:

symbiosis.

mutualism.

antibiosis.

A

antibiosis.

50
Q

The termite requires the protozoan Trichonympha in its gut to provide the enzyme cellulase for the termite’s use of cellulose in wood products. The protozoan uses the end products of the cellulose breakdown. This would be a _____ relationship.

mutualistic

commensualistic

parasitic

A

mutualistic

51
Q

You have inoculated your Clostridium species into a tube of media. After incubation, you find that it is not growing and you then realize that this organism is an obligate anaerobe. What is the best explanation for this lack of growth?

There is not enough oxygen for use when hydrogen peroxide is present.

Oxygen in the medium destroys the enzymes needed by Clostridium to undergo aerobic respiration.

Clostridium does not have enzymes to break down hydrogen peroxide.

A

Clostridium does not have enzymes to break down hydrogen peroxide.

52
Q

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would:

become dehydrated due to the loss of water.

be in a hypotonic solution.

be in an isotonic solution.

A

become dehydrated due to the loss of water.

53
Q

A halophile would grow best in:

acid pools.

salt lakes.

hot geyser springs.

A

salt lakes.

54
Q

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated. Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample.

colony; cell

cell; colony

generation; cell

A

colony; cell

55
Q

Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a/n _____ carrier that will bind to the substance, effecting a conformational change that allows movement across the membrane.

protein

porin

enzyme

A

protein

56
Q

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size, and differentiate between dead and live cells, a/n ___ is used.

turbidity counter

flow cytometer

coulter counter

A

flow cytometer

57
Q

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic, or salty environments, are called:

psychrophiles.

extremophiles.

thermophiles.

A

extremophiles.

58
Q

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called:

death phase.

growth curve.

generation time.

A

generation time.

59
Q

The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen:

does not require CO2 as a reactant.

occurs in cyanobacteria.

occurs in purple and green sulfur bacteria.

A

occurs in purple and green sulfur bacteria.

60
Q

Which of these terms describes a microorganism that grows at human body temperature (37°C)?

Thermophile

Psychrophile

Hyperthermophile

Mesophile

A

Mesophile
favors moderate temps -20° to 40°C

61
Q

Which of these terms describes microbes that do not use oxygen, but can grow if it is present?

Obligate aerobe

Obligate anaerobe

Facultative anaerobe

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Aerotolerant anaerobe - tolerate oxygen but don’t use it in metabolism

62
Q

Facilitated diffusion _____________?

Requires a carrier and energy

Requires a carrier but not energy

Requires neither a carrier nor energy

modifies the substrate during transport

A

Requires a carrier but not energy

63
Q

A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will _______ by osmosis.

gain water

lose water

neither gain nor lose water

burst

A

lose water

64
Q

Psychrophiles would be expected to grow__________.

in hot springs

on the human body

at refrigeration temperatures

at low pH

A

at refrigeration temperatures. (Psychos like cold 0° to 20°C)

65
Q

Organisms such as Clostridium lack oxygen-detoxifying enzymes, thus they are:

Obligate aerobes

Obligate anaerobes

Facultative anaerobes

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Obligate anaerobes

66
Q

What sort of microbe only grows in the presence of oxygen?

Anaerobe

Facultative anaerobe

Aerobe

Halophile

A

Aerobe

67
Q

Sugars and salts are used to preserve foods because they:

inhibit cell wall biosynthesis

cause plasmolysis of cells

change the pH of the food

A

cause plasmolysis of cells

68
Q

The advantage of the direct counting method (slide) over the pour plate method is that direct counting:

counts both live and dead cells

counts only living cells

does not require incubation time

A

does not require incubation time. (fast method)

69
Q

Organism that obtains carbon in organic form and is nutritionally dependent on other living things:

Heterotroph

Autotroph

A

Heterotroph

70
Q

Organism that uses inorganic carbon sources and can convert them into carbon compounds, not nutritionally dependent on other living things:

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Antagonism

A

Autotroph

71
Q

microbial growth needs ______ for structure and energy source:

Carbon

Sulfur

Nitrogen

A

Carbon

72
Q

microbial growth needs _______ for proteins, amino acids, and ATP fixation. (used in DNA, RNA)

sulfur

nitrogen

phosphorus

A

nitrogen

73
Q

microbial growth needs _____ for amino acids (cystine and methionine) and B vitamins.

sulfur

nitrogen

carbon

A

sulfur

74
Q

which bacteria favors the cold, can’t grow above 0° to 20°c, lives in lakes, rivers, snow, ice, deep ocean.

psychrophile

thermophile

mesophile

A

psychrophile

75
Q

which bacteria favors moderate temps: -20° to 40°c, most human pathogens are in this group.

mesophile

thermophile

psychrophile

A

mesophile

76
Q

which bacteria favors the heat optimum temp: 45° - 80°c.

mesophile

thermophile

psychrophile

A

thermophile

77
Q

which bacteria favors optimum temp: 15° – 30°c, grows slowly in the cold.

psychrotolerant

psychrophile

mesophile

A

psychrotolerant

78
Q

Important temps to know:

boiling water is 100°c

body temp is 37°c

room temp is 25°c.

A

memorize these

79
Q

which organism can grow slowly in the fridge slowly, prefers to grow at body temp ( 37°c) mild or no symptoms in adults, but pregnant women are more susceptible, and it can cause stillbirths and miscarriages. Soft cheeses, hot dogs, cold lunch meats, and unpasteurized milk carry it.

Listeriosis monocytogenes

A

its falls under the psychrotolerant group

80
Q

an enzyme that converts superoxide radical into molecular oxygen (O₂) or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). (2O₂⁻ + 2H⁺ > H₂O₂ + O₂):

superoxide dismutase

catalase

peroxidase

A

superoxide dismutase

81
Q

an enzyme that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) during aerobic respiration by converting it into water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂). (H₂O₂ > 2H₂O + O₂):

peroxidase

superoxide dismutase

catalase

A

catalase

82
Q

what is used to stabilize pH of culture media

buffers

acidophiles

neutrophiles

A

buffers

83
Q

what is a mixed cultures of microbes that are bound to a surface. Medically and environmentally important due to constant source of bacteria.

buffers

biofilm

binary fission

A

biofilm

84
Q

which phase of bacteria growth phase is most susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants:

lag phase

log phase

death phase

A

log phase
aka exponential growth

85
Q

which phase has flat growth, newly inoculated cells adjust, grow synthesize, cells not multiplying at max. rate:

log phase

stationary phase

lag phase

A

lag phase

86
Q

which phase does the growth curve increase exponentially, cells reach max rate of cell division, continues when cells have adequate nutrients and favorable environment, phase most sensitive to antimicrobials, maximum rate of cell division:

log phase

death phase

lag phase

A

log phase

86
Q

which phase is survival mode, death rate balances growth rate, cells stop growing or grow slowly, depleted nutrients and oxygen, excretion of biochemical pollutants:

log phase

lag phase

stationary phase

A

stationary phase

87
Q

in which phase do cells die at exponential rate. (note: antibiotics speed up death phase)

stationary phase

lag phase

death phase

A

death phase

88
Q

which can use O₂ and has enzymes to process toxic oxygen products. (all growth at top)

aerobe

obligate aerobe

anaerobe

A

aerobe

89
Q

which can’t grow without oxygen. (ex. humans)

aerobe

anaerobe

obligate aerobe

A

obligate aerobe

90
Q

which grows best with oxygen but can also grow without oxygen. (heavy growth at the top of tube, lighter growth on the bottom)

aerobe

anaerobe

facultative anaerobe

A

facultative anaerobe

91
Q

which one doesn’t grow at normal oxygen levels but requires a small amount of oxygen for metabolism.

facultative anaerobe

aerotolerant anaerobe

microaerophile

A

microaerophile

92
Q

which one lacks metabolic enzyme for using O₂ in respirations. (all growth on bottom, away from oxygen):

aerobe

anaerobe

obligate anaerobe

A

anaerobe

93
Q

which one can not tolerate oxygen exposure, lack enzymes for processing toxic oxygen. (no catalase enzyme):

obligate aerobe

obligate anaerobe

anaerobe

A

obligate anaerobe

94
Q

which doesn’t use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence to limited extent:

aerobe

microaerophile

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

95
Q

which occurs when external solute concentration is higher than internal solute concentration; water diffuses out of cell = plasmolysis occurs; “high osmotic pressure”

hypotonic

isotonic

hypertonic

A

hypertonic

96
Q

which occurs when external solute concentration is lower than internal solute concentration. Cells without cell walls swell and can burst. (hypo – outside):

hypotonic

isotonic

hypertonic

A

hypotonic

97
Q

which occurs when environment is equal in solute concentration to the cells internal environment (solutes: E = C):

hypotonic

hypertonic

isotonic

A

isotonic

98
Q

Diffusion of water across a membrane. (no energy needed):

active transport

osmosis

diffusion

A

osmosis

99
Q

Particles move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration; limited to small nonpolar molecules or lipid soluble molecules, ex. oxygen (no energy needed):

facilitated diffusion

passive diffusion

active transport

A

passive diffusion

100
Q

Molecules bind to a specific protein carrier that changes shape to carry the molecule to the other side. Moves high to low (no energy needed) :

passive diffusion

osmosis

facilitated diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion
facilitates is to help

101
Q

Large substrates engulfed by eukaryotic cells (active transport) types of phagocytosis where the cell eats solids. Pinocytosis where cell drinks liquids.:

phagocytosis

endocytosis

exocytosis

A

endocytosis

endocytosis - (IN)

102
Q

Type of endocytosis; pseudopods wrap around target and separate it from the environment, forming a vacuole within the cell. ( cell eating solids):

pinocytosis

phagocytosis

active transport

A

Phagocytosis
(cell eating solids)
(active transport)

103
Q

Molecules transported against the concentration gradient or in the natural gradient at a faster rate than by diffusion alone. Low to high (requires specific membrane proteins and energy from ATP):

phagocytosis

group translocation

active transport

A

active transport

104
Q

Substrate is modified into a metabolically useful substance as it passes the boundary. (active transport):

active transport

group translocation

endocytosis

A

group translocation

105
Q

Expulsion of substrate (active transport) reverse of endocytosis:

phagocytosis

exocytosis

osmosis

A

exocytosis
(exo - EXIT)

106
Q

An organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism and must be externally sourced / provided as a nutrient:

growth curve

growth factor

generation time

A

growth factor
(examples: amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamins)

107
Q

The time required for a complete fission cycle:

A

generation time

108
Q

name the microbe that can grow in the refrigerator that pregnant women need to avoid.

A

Listeria monocytogenes

109
Q

which of the following microbes would find hypotonic conditions most detrimental?

fungi

bacteria with a cell wall

protozoa without a contractile vacuole

A

protozoa without a contractile vacuole
(protozoa have no cell walls, cell will burst)

110
Q

If a bacteria cell is low on nitrogen, the cell may not be able to perform biosynthesis on which of the following macromolecules?

Amino acids

DNA

RNA

All of the above

A

All of the above

111
Q

The optimal number of colonies per plate for standard plate count is:

30 - 300

300 - 400

12 - 25

A

30 - 300

Microbiology 260 (8 decks)

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