Chapter 10 objectives Flashcards
All of the following pertain to glycolysis except:
ends with formation of pyruvic acid.
involves reduction of NAD.
degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O.
degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O.
Noncompetitive inhibition is best described as:
end product binding to DNA, blocking enzyme transcription.
substrate binding to enzyme in a regulatory site.
end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site.
end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site.
Sulfa drugs like Bactrim, given for bacterial infections, inhibit bacteria by blocking folic acid synthesis. The precursor molecule of folic acid is para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). Interestingly, PABA has a structure very similar to a sulfa drug. If a sulfa drug is present, the bacterial enzyme will bind the sulfa drug because of structural similarity. This is an example of:
competitive inhibition.
catabolite repression.
noncompetitive inhibition.
competitive inhibition.
Which of the following is not involved in the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
reduction of NAD
pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
decarboxylation of pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH
A type of cofactor would be:
ribozymes.
vitamins.
metallic ions.
metallic ions.
In which stage of aerobic respiration is water produced?
glycolysis
the electron transport system
the Krebs cycle
the electron transport system
The most likely place where an exoenzyme participates in a chemical reaction is:
within the cell membrane.
outside of the cell.
in cytoplasm.
outside of the cell.
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule?
6
5
3
6
Each FADH2 from the Krebs cycle that enters the electron transport system gives rise to _____ ATP/s.
3
2
4
2
The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins:
the electron transport system.
the Krebs cycle.
oxidative phosphorylation.
the Krebs cycle.
During which of the phases of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?
the Krebs cycle
electron transport system
processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle
electron transport system
Enzymes that are only produced when substrate is present are termed
conjugated enzymes.
induced enzymes.
exoenzymes.
induced enzymes.
Each NADH that enters the electron transport system gives rise to _____ ATP.
3
24
2
3
When the product of reaction A becomes the reactant of reaction B, this exemplifies this type of metabolic pathway:
cyclic.
linear.
divergent.
linear.
Each of the following are electron carriers except
FAD.
FADP.
NAD.
FADP.
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.
ATP
hydrogen ions
NADH
hydrogen ions
In which pathway is the most NADH generated?
the electron transport system
the Krebs cycle
glycolysis
the Krebs cycle
An oxidase detection test can be used to identify certain bacteria because they are missing or lack expression of:
ATP synthase.
cytochrome C oxidase.
mitochondria.
cytochrome C oxidase.
Formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide would be called
catabolism.
glycolysis.
anabolism.
anabolism.
Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen ions and compounds by some bacteria is called:
aerobic respiration.
deamination.
denitrification.
denitrification.
The cell’s metabolic reactions involve the participation of _____ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction.
cofactors
enzymes
coenzymes
enzymes
The process of forming glucose from various metabolic intermediates is called:
phosphorylation.
glycolysis.
gluconeogenesis.
gluconeogenesis.
During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is
nitrate.
oxygen.
pyruvic acid.
oxygen.
Glycolysis uses 2 ATP, produces
ATP without oxygen.
ATP, and requires oxygen.
ATP all without oxygen.
ATP all without oxygen.
In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate:
ADP.
NAD.
ATP.
ADP.
The majority of reduced NAD is produced in:
the Krebs cycle.
photosynthesis.
the electron transport system.
the Krebs cycle.
Each of the following are true of enzymes except
they may or may not require cofactors.
their active site is specific to the substrate.
they increase the activation energy of a reaction.
they increase the activation energy of a reaction.
Fermentation is:
requires an organic electron acceptor.
requires oxygen.
only occurs in aerobic organisms.
requires an organic electron acceptor.
Metabolic pathways that regenerate their starting point are called _____ pathways.
convergent
linear
cyclic
cyclic
Enzymes that catalyze the removal of a functional group and its subsequent attachment to a new substrate are called:
ligases.
lyases.
transferases.
transferases.
When comparing fermentation and anaerobic respiration, which statement would be true?
Anaerobic respiration and fermentation both employ the electron transport system.
Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation use phosphorylation to make ATP
Both anaerobic respiration and fermentation use phosphorylation to make ATP
Mixed acid fermentation
produces several different acids plus CO2 and H2 gases.
produces butyric acid.
is seen in Streptococcus and Lactobacillus.
produces several different acids plus CO2 and H2 gases.
Enzymes that are always present, regardless of the amount of substrate, are
constitutive enzymes.
endoenzymes.
exoenzymes.
constitutive enzymes.
A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called
catalysts.
substrates.
cofactors.
cofactors.
An apoenzyme is:
part of a simple enzyme.
the protein part of a holoenzyme.
also called a coenzyme.
the protein part of a holoenzyme.
The space between the cell membrane and the cell wall is important during aerobic respiration. Why?
Oxygen combines with electrons in that space to form water.
Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient.
Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient.
You have a tube of nutrient broth, in which E. coli is growing. Upon analyzing the broth chemistry, you find; 1) oxygen content has dropped a bit, but carbon dioxide has gone up a lot, and 2) formic, acetic, and lactic acids are present. What kind of metabolism has most likely occurred?
anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
fermentation
fermentation
Ribozymes are
ribosomes which catalyze reactions.
unique to eukaryotes.
catalysts for RNA splicing.
catalysts for RNA splicing.
Important components of coenzymes are
vitamins.
active sites.
metallic ions.
vitamins.
Each of the following are denaturing agents except:
high temperature.
low temperature.
high pH.
low temperature.
The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions within a cell is:
cellular respiration.
metabolism.
phosphorylation.
metabolism.
The reactions of fermentation function to produce _____ molecules for use in glycolysis.
ATP
NADH
NAD
NAD
What chemical causes death in many eukaryotes because it blocks cytochrome C oxidase?
copper
cyanide
oxygen
cyanide
The bacterial genus Bacillus can utilize starch as a nutrient by splitting the starch molecule into smaller molecules of glucose, with the addition of water. The enzymes to do this would be classified as:
oxidoreductases
ligases
hydrolases
hydrolases
Most electron carriers are
coenzymes.
enzymes.
hydrogen.
coenzymes.
Enzymes are:
proteins that function as catalysts.
used up in chemical reactions.
broken down in reactions that require energy input.
proteins that function as catalysts.
Important components of coenzymes are:
vitamins.
substrates.
active sites.
vitamins.
Which of the following is not true of anaerobic respiration?
utilizes an electron transport system
involves glycolysis
uses the same final electron acceptors as aerobic respiration
uses the same final electron acceptors as aerobic respiration
All of the following are exoenzymes except
penicillinase.
streptokinase.
ATP synthase.
ATP synthase.
Intermediates from the Krebs cycle can be converted to amino acids by the process of
deamination.
amination.
phosphorylation.
amination.
When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the usual net production of ATP?
2
3
38
2
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in:
photosynthesis and glycolysis.
the electron transport system only.
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Exergonic reactions:
occur during aerobic cellular respiration.
include synthesis of large carbohydrates.
occur when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to form ATP.
occur during aerobic cellular respiration.
_____ reactions are anabolic reactions involving ligases for synthesis and the release of one water molecule for each bond formed.
Condensation
Reduction
Oxidation
Condensation
In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated?
3
36
38
38
When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product, this control is called
positive feedback.
competitive inhibition.
enzyme repression.
enzyme repression.
Enzymes that function inside a cell are:
exoenzymes.
constitutive enzymes.
endoenzymes.
endoenzymes.
During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is:
pyruvic acid.
oxygen.
nitrate.
oxygen.
Reactants are converted to products by:
breaking and forming bonds.
reactants releasing energy.
enzymes binding to reactants.
breaking and forming bonds.
The principle sites of amphibolic interaction occur during:
fermentation and glycolysis.
the Krebs cycle and the electron transport system.
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
A cell uses _____ to obtain energy and _____ to build macromolecules.
catabolism; anabolism
anabolism; catabolism
catabolism; anabolism
A holoenzyme is composed of _____ and _____.
apoenzyme; cofaction
cofaction; apoenzyme
apoenzyme; cofaction
If an enzyme is rendered inactive by temperature, pH, or chemicals, it has been _____.
denatured
removed
broken
denatured
In _____ enzyme inhibition, a regulator molecule binds to the regulatory site.
competitive
non competitive
non competitive
When electrons are transferred in oxidation and reduction, a hydrogen ion is transferred as well.
True or False
True
The most common electron carrier is:
NAD+
FAD+
NAD+
The two ways ATP is formed from ADP are _____ phosphorylation and _____ phosphorylation.
Substrate-level; oxidative
Substrate-level; oxidative
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the:
plasma membrane
mitochondrion
chloroplast
plasma membrane
List the 3 main stages of cellular respiration in order:
List 3 end products of the Krebs Cycle:
ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2
How many carbons does Oxaloacetate have?
Acetyl CoA?
Citrate?
Oxaloacetate - 4
Acetyl CoA - 2
Citrate - 6
How many molecules of ATP are made for every NADH and FADH2 processed in the ETC?
3 ATP - NADH
2 ATP - FADH2
Name the stage of respiration that yields the most ATP.
ETC - Electron Transport Chain
