Chapter 13 and 14 objectives Flashcards
The prevalence rate of tuberculosis in one particular county in Texas is 7/1000 people, while the incidence rate for 2011 is 2/1000 people. Analyze this data and summarize the situation.
The data were collected incorrectly because the two values should match.
Prevalence rate and incidence rate cannot be determined for the same disease.
Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate because the number of people still alive with tuberculosis is higher because of better treatments.
Incidence rate should really be higher than prevalence rate because it includes all new cases for the year.
Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate because the number of people still alive with tuberculosis is higher because of better treatments.
Resident biota of the gastrointestinal tract include
Haemophilus.
Streptococcus.
Lactobacillus.
Bacteroides.
All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Mucinase has the greatest effect on the
genital system.
skin.
urinary system.
gastrointestinal system.
respiratory system.
gastrointestinal system.
An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a
fomite.
vector.
carrier.
reservoir.
source.
fomite.
Which of the following is an example of sequelae?
diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection
difficulty swallowing from streptococcal infection
headache from meningitis
arthritis from Lyme disease
arthritis from Lyme disease
______ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.
Incubation
Asymptomatic
Convalescent
Passive
Chronic
Convalescent
The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are
fomites.
aerosols.
droplet nuclei.
mechanical vectors.
biological vectors.
droplet nuclei.
Which of the following is not a method of bacterial adhesion?
specialized receptors
adhesive slime or capsules
surface proteins
cilia
fimbriae
cilia
The effect of beneficial microbes of normal biota against invading microbes is called
gnotobiotism.
microbial antagonism.
endogenous infection.
axenic.
infectious disease.
microbial antagonism.
Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are
on fomites.
in food.
the patient’s own normal biota.
transmitted from one person to another.
in the air.
the patient’s own normal biota.
You are studying a newly identified infectious disease within a population. Think of the typical graph of the course of infection–incubation period through to convalescent period. The new disease reveals a course of infection characterized by fluctuating symptoms, with intermittent periods of invasion (acute period) between prodromal periods. The whole course of infection occurs over a period of months or even years. Based upon the information presented, select the statement that most accurately reflects this new infectious disease:
Viral infections always present with this type of disease course.
This infectious disease exhibits latency.
This is not an infectious disease at all.
The host has immune problems and this is the typical course of a disease for that population.
This infectious disease exhibits latency.
Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes syphilis. The gram-negative spirochete has never been cultured on bacteriological media. Select the statement that most accurately describes this disease-causing microbe:
There is no satisfactory way to identify the disease without being able to grow it.
Koch’s postulates cannot be fulfilled for this disease.
Because the bacterium cannot be grown, there is no way to characterize the organism as to staining features, biochemical test reactions, molecular testing, etc.
There is no way to perform an epidemiological study on this disease.
Koch’s postulates cannot be fulfilled for this disease.
Based upon new information from the Human Microbiome Project, the human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota
before birth, in utero.
when a child first goes to school.
during and immediately after birth.
during puberty.
when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
before birth, in utero.
An animal, such as an arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a
fomite.
reservoir.
carrier.
vector.
source.
vector.
Which is not terminology used for resident biota?
normal microbiota
pathogenic biota
indigenous biota
normal biota
commensals
pathogenic biota
A symptom is
a temperature.
a subjective indication of disease.
measurable by health care personnel.
an objective indication of disease.
a subjective indication of disease.
Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections?
physical and mental stress
old age
strong, healthy body
genetic defects in immunity
chemotherapy
strong, healthy body
Your patient has a rash, a fever, and a very high white blood cell count. Blood specimens are taken, put into culture bottles, and sent down to the microbiology lab for incubation and analysis. Select the statement that best reflects why microbial analysis of blood is an important step in patient diagnosis:
A lack of microbes in the blood means that the patient’s health is critical.
Microbial growth in blood samples may indicate sepsis.
Blood specimen are often obtain through poor aseptic technique by the healthcare worker: this is documentation of their failure to employ proper universal precautions.
A few bacterial cells in a blood sample are no big deal and should be ignored.
Microbial growth in blood samples may indicate sepsis.
Which genus is resident biota of the mouth, large intestine, and within the vagina from puberty to menopause?
Treponema
Clostridium
Haemophilus
Escherichia
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
The term infection refers to
contact with microorganisms.
pathogens penetrating host defenses.
contact with pathogens.
microorganisms colonizing the body.
pathogens penetrating host defenses.
A sign is
measurable by health care personnel.
An objective indication of disease that is measurable by health care personnel.
malaise and body aches.
an objective indication of disease.
a subjective indication of disease.
An objective indication of disease that is measurable by health care personnel.
Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are
biological vectors.
mechanical vectors.
droplet nuclei.
aerosols.
fomites.
biological vectors.
The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the
period of invasion.
prodromal stage.
convalescent stage.
incubation period.
incubation period.
The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a/an
syndrome.
pathology.
symptom.
inflammation.
sign.
sign
The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the
convalescent stage.
incubation period.
prodromal stage.
period of invasion.
period of invasion.
Which is not true about the Human Microbiome Project?
Molecular biological lab techniques will be used for identification rather than standard biochemical lab techniques.
The importance of the project is in analyzing the normal biota and correlating with human health and disease.
The HMP can only identify bacteria, not viruses.
The HMP is looking for pathogens as well as nonpathogens in and on the human body.
The HMP can only identify bacteria, not viruses.
The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the
convalescent stage.
prodromal stage.
incubation period.
period of invasion.
prodromal stage.
Exotoxins
cause more damage than endotoxins.
are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms.
are secreted by pathogenic organisms.
are host specific
are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms.
are secreted by pathogenic organisms.
Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?
direct
fomites
vector
droplets
vertical
vertical
Which of the following does not illustrate the use of universal precaution methods in the handling of patients and body substances?
hand washing
healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patients
mask and gloves
sterilizing or disinfection of dental hand pieces
proper disposal of needles
healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patients
Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a
source.
carrier.
vector.
reservoir.
fomite.
carrier.
In the movie “Contagion”, one person who has become infected with a recombinant pathogenic virus spreads it to a large number of people who she comes in contact with. Those people then spread it to others, and, before you know it, the disease has spread all over the world. This is an example of a _______ epidemic.
endemic
point-source
common-source
propagated
propagated
The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is
epidemiology.
pathology.
immunology.
medicine.
clinical microbiology.
epidemiology.
Which of the following is a mismatched term and description?
mixed infection - several agents established at infection site
toxemia - pathogen’s toxins carried by the blood to target tissues
acute infection - rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms
secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site
secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is referred to as
pandemic.
epidemic.
endemic.
endemic.
The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired is termed the
vector.
fomite.
source.
source.
Resident biota are found in/on the
nasal passages.
large intestine.
mouth.
skin.
All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Virulence factors include all of the following except
endotoxin.
ribosomes.
exotoxin.
capsules.
exoenzymes.
ribosomes.
Exotoxins are
only released after a cell is damaged or lysed.
secretions that always target nervous tissue.
lipopolysaccharides.
proteins secreted by living bacterial cells.
antiphagocytic factors.
proteins secreted by living bacterial cells.
TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common
sexually transmitted infections.
vectors.
portals of entry.
genera of resident biota.
infections of the fetus and neonate.
infections of the fetus and neonate.
The suffix –emia means
blood.
a disease or morbid process.
tumor.
an inflammation.
pertaining to.
blood.
_____ are various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.
Hyaluronidases
Coagulases
Mucinases
Keratinases
Kinases
Kinases
_____ is the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.
Hemolysin
Enterotoxin
Exotoxin
Endotoxin
Leukocidin
Endotoxin
When would Koch’s postulates be utilized?
whenever the scientific method can not be used to investigate a microbiological problem
to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
to formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
to determine the cause of a patient’s illness in a hospital microbiology lab
to develop a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
All communicable diseases
only occur in animals.
involve viruses as the pathogen.
are contagious.
are caused by microorganisms or their products.
are caused by vectors.
are caused by microorganisms or their products.
Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called
micropathogens.
normal biota.
opportunistic pathogens.
true pathogens.
indigenous biota.
true pathogens.
Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/n
intoxication.
toxemia.
infection.
hemolysin.
pandemic.
intoxication.
Healthcare-associated infections are characterized by all of the following except
medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.
often involve the patient’s urinary tract and surgical incisions.
are only transmitted by medical personnel.
the patient’s resident biota can be the infectious agent.
Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.
are only transmitted by medical personnel.
The term _____ refers to the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.
septicemia
viremia
bacteremia
toxemia
bacteremia
Which of the following is not true of endogenous retroviruses?
ERVs cause disease.
ERVs are part of the normal biota.
ERVs fight off pathogenic viruses.
ERVs are vital for placental development in sheep.
ERVs cause disease.
The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate.
pandemic
morbidity
incidence
mortality
endemic
mortality
Some diseases can cause long-term or permanent damage in the patient termed
edema.
swollen lymph nodes.
sequelae.
abcesses.
granulomas.
sequelae.
Enterotoxins are
toxins that target the intestines.
proteins.
All of the choices are correct.
virulence factors.
exotoxins.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit of an infectious disease?
skin
coughing and sneezing
urogenital tract and feces
removal of blood
All of these are normal exit portals.
All of these are normal exit portals.
Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except
All of the choices are correct.
contact with hospital staff.
bottle feeding.
breast feeding.
the birth process through the birth canal.
All of the choices are correct.
The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the
epidemic rate.
prevalence rate.
incidence rate.
morbidity rate.
mortality rate.
incidence rate.
Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of
a syndrome.
toxemia.
sequelae.
latency.
inflammation.
inflammation.
Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?
fomites
droplets
aerosols
droplet nuclei
water
droplets
The suffix –osis means
blood.
tumor.
a disease or morbid process.
pertaining to.
an inflammation.
a disease or morbid process.
Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?
secretion of a capsule
production of leukocidins
ability to survive intracellularly
secretion of slime
adhering to the host
adhering to the host
