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Physics AS 1 > Chapter 9- Nuclear Decay > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Nuclear Decay Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered radioactivity

A

Marie curie

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2
Q

What is background radiation

A

Radiation that is constantly present in our environment

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3
Q

Dangers of radiation caused by (2)

A

Exposure of bodies to external sources

Breathing/ingesting radioactive matter

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4
Q

Radiation has a chance of causing

A

Cancer

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5
Q

Which material to store radioactive materials

A

Lead storage containers

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6
Q

Sources of background radiation

A

1) gamma rays emitted from ground and buildings
2) medical -sterilisation etc radiotherapy
3) food and drink
4) radon gas from the ground
5) nuclear waste
6) cosmic rays

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7
Q

What is a cosmic ray

A

A high energy ray that bombards earths atmosphere producing showers of lower energy particles such as neutrons or electrons

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8
Q

Roughly how much radiation percentage is exposed due to natural sources

A

85%

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9
Q

Radiation percentage due to artificial sources

A

15%

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10
Q

What is ionisation

A

When the electrons are given sufficient energy to break free from their atoms

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11
Q

Alpha radiation can be detected using either (2)

A
  • spark counter

- ionisation chamber

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12
Q

What type can be absorbed by a thin sheet of paper

A

Alpha

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13
Q

Which types can be deflected by a strong magnetic and electric field

A

Alpha

Beta

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14
Q

Positively charged particles

A

Alpha

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15
Q

Alpha particles are actually…

A

Helium nuclei

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16
Q

Helium nuclei made from

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

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17
Q

Why doesn’t alpha particle pass through matter

A

Particle is easily absorbed as it passes through
They readily ionise
So energy is rapidly lost and the particle is quickly brought to rest

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18
Q

What can detect beta radiation

A

Geiger müller tube

GM tube

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19
Q

What is beta radiation

A

Electron

Fast moving streams of negatively charged electrons

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20
Q

A beta has ______ the mass of an alpha

A

1/8000th

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21
Q

Why are beta particles not absorbed my paper

A

Because they can penetrate matter much further before their energy is used up

22
Q

Games radiation is a form of

A

High energy form of electromagnetic radiation

23
Q

Gamma radiation is made up of

A

Minute discrete bundles of energy called photons

24
Q

Charge of alpha

A

+ 2e

25
Q

Charge of beta

A

-e

26
Q

Charge of gamma

A

0

27
Q

Mass of gamma

A

0

28
Q

Mass of beta

A

9.11x10^-31

1/8000th of alpha

29
Q

Mass of alpha

A

6.64x10^-27 kg

30
Q

Speed of gamma

A

C= 3x10^8

31
Q

Speed of beta

A

0.99 x c

32
Q

Speed of alpha

A

Up to 1/20 c

33
Q

Which type has greatest energy

A

Alpha

34
Q

Which type has greatest relative ionising power

A

Alpha

35
Q

Alpha can penetrate

A

Few cm of air

36
Q

Beta can penetrate

A

Few mm of aluminium

37
Q

Gamma can penetrate

A

Few cm of lead

38
Q

Alpha deflection in electric and magnetic fields

A

Small deflection

39
Q

Beta deflection in magnetic and electric fields

A

Large deflection

They have v small mass

40
Q

Gamma deflection in magnetic and electric fields

A

No deflection

As they have no charge

41
Q

Alpha particle nature

A

Helium nucleus

42
Q

Beta particle nature

A

Electron

43
Q

Gamma photon nature

A

High frequency electromagnetic radiation

44
Q

Ionising radiation comes from

A

The unstable nuclei of radioactive elements

Which on emission of an alpha particle or a beta particle, decay into another lower energy nuclei

45
Q

Proton number

A

Number of protons in nuclei

46
Q

Proton number the same as the number of

A

Electrons

47
Q

Atomic Number is

A

The proton number

48
Q

Nucleon number

A

Number of neutrons in nucleus

49
Q

Neutron number is also called

A

The mass number

50
Q

Mass number when seen on periodic table

A

The massive number on top

51
Q

What is an isotope

A

Same number of protons
Diff number of neutrons
Same element

52
Q

How to determine percentage abundance

A

Do percentages of each type in 0-1 form and use the numbers given

Physics AS 1 (10 decks)

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