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Physics AS 1 > Chapter 13- Solid Materials > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Solid Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

Elastic deformation

A

Will return to its original position dimensions when deforming force is removed

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2
Q

Plastic deformation

A

Plastic material will remain deformed

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3
Q

What kind of diagram can be used for material properties

A

Spider diagram

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4
Q

Hardness

A

Surface phenomenon

More difficult to scratch the surface

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5
Q

Which scale to measure hardness

A

MOHs scale

Grades 10 minerals from softest rated at 1 to hardest rating of 10

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6
Q

Stiffness

A

Deformation resisting potential

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7
Q

Toughness

A

Ability to absorb energy from impacts and shocks without breaking

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8
Q

Brittleness

A

Will shatter or crack when subjected to dynamic shocks or impacts
No or little plastic deformation before breaking

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9
Q

Strength

A

Can withstand large forces without breaking. Will depend on size and its breaking stress

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10
Q

Malleability

A

Can be hammered into thin sheets

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11
Q

Ductility

A

Can be drawn into wires

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12
Q

Hooke’s law

A

States that up to a given load, the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied to the spring and is given by

F=kx

x(extension)
k(stiffness- spring constant)

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13
Q

Type of graph for an extension

A

Force- extension graph

Line to curve

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14
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

Point a which if force is increased material won’t return back to original dimensions once deforming force is removed

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15
Q

Elastic region of extension

A

Area in which loading and reloading are reversible

Arrows drawn on graph to illustrate this cycle

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16
Q

Atoms are held together by

A

Bonds

17
Q

Elastic limit

A

Beyond this point wire ceases to be elastic
Has passed point of reversibility
Has undergone permanent deformation

18
Q

Yield point

A

As load increase the wire yields and will not contract at all when the load is removed
Beyond this the material is plastic

19
Q

Look at graph

A 
Point A:  limit of proportionally 
Point B: elastic limit 
Point C: yield point 
Lines 1) elastic region 
Lines 2) strange effect is noticed if load is removed and wire is reloaded- wire regains springiness and has same stiffness as before
20
Q

Natural rubber

A

Stretches v easily at first
Then becomes v stiff and difficult to stretch as it approaches it’s breaking point

Is a polymer

21
Q

Polymer

A

Long chains of atoms that are normally tangled in a disordered fashion
Small forces needed to untangle these molecules so long extension is produced for small loads
When chains are fully extended, additional forces needed to stretch the bonds between the atoms, so much smaller extensions are produced for a given load; the rubber becomes stiffer

22
Q

Stretching forces are called

A

TENSILE forces

23
Q

Force- compression graphs

A

Placed on force sensor
Then lever is twisted so screw clamps object
Displacement sensor calculates data and this is shown on display unit

24
Q

Elastic strain energy

A

Ability of deformed material to do work as it regains its original dimensions

25
Q

Elastic strain work eq

A

W= average F X distance moved in direction of force

26
Q

Work done calculation on a graph

A

The area under a force- extension graph

(Elastic strain energy)

Work done= 1/2 x F x X
= 1/2 x KX x X
= 1/2 x K x X^2
= 1/2Kx^2

27
Q

When a stress is applied to a material what is the effect?

A

STRAIN

28
Q

Stress eq

A

Force/ cross sectional area

Symbol (o-)

Unit= Pa

29
Q

Strain eq

A

Extension/ original length

Symbol (E) curly

Unit= no unit

30
Q

Young modulus def

A

A property of materials that undergo tensile or compressive stress

31
Q

Young modulus eq

A

Stress/ strain

Unit= Pa

32
Q

Why are stress- strain graphs useful

A

Because they will be the same for any sample of a given material and the gradient of the proportional region equals the Young modulus of the material

33
Q

Stress- strain graph

Look at graph :

A 
0-A: hookes law region 
Young mod is gradient of this section 
B: elastic limit 
C: yield stress 
D: max stress (ultimate tensile strength UTS) 
E: breaking point
34
Q

Energy density

A

The work done in stretching a specimen (the strain energy stored) per unit volume of the sample

=1/2 stress x strain

Area under stress strain graph

35
Q

Hysteresis

Area under loading curve

Area beneath the unloading curve

Difference is known as

Shaded area is

A

Represents the work done per unit volume ON the band as it stretches

Represents the work done per unit volume BY the band as it relaxes

Hysteresis

Called a hysteresis loop

36
Q

Hysteresis loop

A

Represents the energy per unit volume transferred to internal energy during the load- unload cycle
(For stress-strain graph)

For force- extension
= represents total energy transferred to internal energy for each cycle

Physics AS 1 (10 decks)

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