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S4: Radiographic Imaging > Chapter 9 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is any form of radiation that possesses energy capable of displacing atomic electron bonds and breaking the electron bonds that hold the molecules of matter together

A

ionizing radiation

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2
Q

ionizing radiation comes from two major sources

A

natural background radiation and human-made radiation

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3
Q

biological effects of radiation exposure are either

A

somatic or genetic

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4
Q

somatic effects

A

occur in individual exposed

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4
Q

genetic effects

A

occur in descendants of individual exposed

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5
Q

important radiation quantities and units

A

exposure, absorbed dose, and equivalent dose

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6
Q

SI unit of exposure

A

coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)

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7
Q

SI unit of absorbed dose

A

gray (Gy)

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8
Q

SI unit of equivalent dose

A

sievert (Sv)

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9
Q

traditional unit of exposure

A

roentgen (R)

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10
Q

traditional unit of absorbed dose

A

rad

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11
Q

traditional unit of equivalent dose

A

rem

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12
Q

portable field survey instruments include

A

Geiger-Mueller (GM) survey instruments, scintillation detection devices, and ionization chamber instruments

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13
Q

personnel monitoring devices include

A

optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter, film badge dosimeter, thermoluminescent dosimeter, and pocket dosimeters

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14
Q

radiographer’s responsibilities

A

minimize dose, protect patients and others from unnecessary exposure, and optimize image quality

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15
Q

alpha particles are composed of

A

two protons and two neutrons

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16
Q

alpha particles can travel _____

A

5 cm in air

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17
Q

beta particles are composed of

A

electrons from decaying radioactive material

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18
Q

beta particles can travel _____

A

10-100 cm in air

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19
Q

_____ particles are more penetrating in tissue than _____ particles

A

beta; alpha

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20
Q

most biological damage is due to _____ interactions

A

indirect

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21
Q

somatic effects are

A

evident in individual

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22
Q

examples of somatic effects

A

cataracts, erythema, cancer formation

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23
Q

genetic effects are

A

evident in offspring of individual

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24
Q

the NCRP established

A

an international standard for dose measurement and exposure

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25
Q

natural sources of ionizing radiation

A

cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation, radionuclides naturally present internally and externally

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26
Q

man-made sources of ionizing radiation

A

x-rays, radiopharmaceuticals, consumer products, air travel, nuclear fuel production, fallout

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27
Q

NCRP lists five major areas of radiation exposure in US

A

ubiquitous background; medical procedures; consumer products; industrial, medical education, and security activities; occupational exposure

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28
Q

medical imaging modalities contributing to medical exposure

A

CT, radiography and fluoroscopy, interventional fluoroscopy, NM, radiotherapy

29
Q

exposure

A

number of ionizations in given quantity of air

30
Q

units of exposure

A

1 R = 2.58 x 10 (to the negative fourth power) C/kg

31
Q

absorbed dose

A

measures amount of energy absorbed

32
Q

absorbed dose units

A

1 Gy = 100 rad

33
Q

kerma

A

kinetic energy released in matter

34
Q

unit for kerma

A

Gy (Gray)

35
Q

air kerma

A

kinetic energy released per unit mass of air

36
Q

air kerma is used to describe

A

tube output; input to IRs

37
Q

unit of air kerma

A

1 cGy = 1 rad (equivalent to 1 R of exposure)

38
Q

integral dose

A

total amount of energy deposited in matter

39
Q

equivalent dose

A

product of absorbed dose and radiation weighting

40
Q

radiation weighting

A

different types of ionizing radiation produce different biological responses

41
Q

units for equivalent dose

A

1 Sv = 100 rem

42
Q

rem stands for

A

roentgen equivalent mane

43
Q

effective dose (E)

A

sum of equivalent dose of specific tissues; accounts for various tissue sensitivities to irradiation

44
Q

activity (A)

A

describes quantity of radioactive material

45
Q

activity is expressed as

A

number of radioactive atoms to decay per unit of time

46
Q

unit of activity

A

curie (Ci) (3.7 x 10 (to the 10th power) disintegrations/sec)
becquerel (Bq) (1 disintegratgion/sec)

47
Q

Geiger-Mueller survey instruments

A

gas-filled detector; volume of gas between two electrodes

48
Q

GM counters are used to

A

demonstrate presence of radiation

49
Q

GM counters are most effective with

A

particulate radiation

50
Q

GM counters are least effective in detecting

A

x-ray or gamma radiation

51
Q

scintillation detection devices

A

scintillators emit light when stimulated by ionizing radiation; light converted to electric signal

52
Q

scintillation detection devices are commonly used in

A

NM and CT

53
Q

ionization chamber instruments are used to evaluate

A

equipment performance, leakage radiation, and patient exposure

54
Q

personnel monitoring devices are provided to workers who accumulate _____ of recommended dose limit

A

1/10

55
Q

OSL

A

optically stimulated luminescence

56
Q

TLD

A

thermoluminescent dosimeter

57
Q

most common type of personnel monitor

A

OSL

58
Q

OSL contents

A

thin layer of aluminum oxide

59
Q

OSL function

A

laser light processing of aluminum dioxide causes luminescence; level of luminescence proportional to amount of exposure received

60
Q

OSL are issued

A

on monthly or quarterly basis

61
Q

OSLs are sensitive to

A

1 millirem (mrem)

62
Q

film badge dosimeter contents

A

two pieces of film in light tight packet

63
Q

film badge dosimeter is sensitive to

A

10 mrem

64
Q

film badge dosimeters are environmentally sensitive to

A

heat, humidity, pressure, prolonged exposure to light

65
Q

TLD contents

A

lithium fluoride crystals

66
Q

lithium fluoride crystals will

A

store energy when exposed to ionizing radiation; released stored energy when heated as visible light; amount of light released proportional to amount of exposure

67
Q

TLD sensitivity

A

10 mrem

68
Q

TLDs are environmentally sensitive similar to

A

film badges

69
Q

electronic personal dosimeter

A

ionization of air in small chamber

S4: Radiographic Imaging (31 decks)

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