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S4: Radiographic Imaging > Chapter 17 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

attenuation

A

reduction in the total number of x-ray photons remaining in the beam after passing through a given thickness of material

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2
Q

attenuation is the result of

A

x-rays interacting with matter and being absorbed or scattered

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3
Q

amount of attenuation is determined by

A

amount and type of irradiated material

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4
Q

four major substances account for most of the variations in x-ray absorption

A

air, fat, muscle, and bone

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5
Q

if a disease causes the affected body tissue to increase in thickness, effective atomic number, and/or tissue density

A

disease will result in a greater attenuation of the x-ray beam (additive conditions)

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6
Q

if a disease causes the affected body tissue to decrease in thickness, effective atomic number, and/or tissue density

A

disease will result in less attenuation of the x-ray beam (destructive conditions)

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7
Q

additive conditions require

A

increasing technique

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8
Q

destructive conditions require

A

decreasing technique

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9
Q

photoelectric absorption does what to the image

A

provides radiologic significant information

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10
Q

Compton scattering does what to the image

A

provides no useful information and contributes to personnel exposure

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11
Q

attenuation is what type of process

A

exponential

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12
Q

human body is essentially composed of _____ Z# elements

A

low

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13
Q

on images, what is considered a fifth radiographic density

A

metal

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14
Q

Z# of air

A

7.78

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15
Q

characteristics of air

A

low tissue density; absorbs few photons

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16
Q

characteristics of fat

A

soft tissue; tissue density similar to water

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17
Q

characteristics of muscle

A

soft tissue; slightly higher Z# than fat; considered essentially a water density

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18
Q

characteristics of bone

A

composed of calcium and phosphorous salts; greatest tissue density; high absorption of photons; radiopaque

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19
Q

subject contrast

A

degree of differential absorption resulting from differing absorption characteristics of tissues

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20
Q

subject density

A

IR exposure will be altered by changes in amount or types of tissue being irradiated

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21
Q

subject contrast is dependent on

A

tissue composition as a body part

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22
Q

examples of low subject contrast body part

A

breast and abdomen

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23
Q

examples of high subject contrast body part

A

skull, spine, and knee

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24
Q

subject detail is dependent upon

A

anatomical location within body; body’s placement in relationship to IR; increased distance of anatomical structures from receptor yields less detail of anatomy

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25
Q

subject distortion

A

misrepresentation of the size and shape of anatomy due to its orientation to path of x-ray beam

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26
Q

size distortion

A

magnification

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27
Q

shape distortion

A

foreshortening/elongation

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28
Q

additive conditions

A

increase attenuation

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29
Q

how are additive conditions related to IR exposure

A

inversely

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30
Q

what change in technical factors will generally be adequate for most additive conditions

A

5-15 increase in kVp

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31
Q

destructive conditions

A

decrease beam attenuation

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32
Q

how are destructive conditions related to IR exposure

A

directly

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33
Q

what change in technique must occur with destructive conditions

A

decrease mAs

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34
Q

denisty

A

quantity of matter per unit of volume measured in kilograms per cubic meter

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35
Q

Z# of fat

A

6.46

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36
Q

Z# of water

A

7.51

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37
Q

Z# of muscle

A

7.64

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38
Q

Z# of bone

A

12.31

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39
Q

at the atomic level, the body consists primarily of

A

hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, carbon, and oxygen

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40
Q

Z# of calcium

A

20

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41
Q

air is naturally present in

A

lungs, sinuses, and gastrointestinal tract (small amounts)

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42
Q

little difference in image

A

low subject contrast

43
Q

greater difference in image

A

high subject contrast

44
Q

larger patients result in

A

greater distance and less sharpness

45
Q

thinner patients result in

A

closer distance and greater sharpness

46
Q

magnification occurs because

A

various anatomical structures sit and varying levels

47
Q

fluid will absorb more radiation than

A

air

48
Q

AEC system that adjust for pathological changes automatically results in

A

increased mAs rather than increased kVp

49
Q

additive conditions affecting multiple systems

A

abscess, edema, and tumor

50
Q

abscess

A

an encapsulated infection increases tissue thickness and may alter composition, particularly in lungs

51
Q

edema

A

swelling causes an increase in tissue thickness and may alter composition, if it occurs in the lungs

52
Q

tumor

A

an abnormal new growth in tissue results in an increase in tissue thickness and may alter composition, particularly in the lungs or bones, or when calcification results

53
Q

additive conditions of the chest

A

atelectasis, bronchiectasis, cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, empyema, pleural effusions, pneumoconiosis, pneumonectomy, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and tuberculosis

54
Q

atelectasis

A

a collapse of the lung results in airlessness of all or part of the lung tissue; causes lung tissue density to increase

55
Q

bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of all the bronchi can result in peribronchial thickening and small areas of atelectasis; causes an increase in lung tissue density

56
Q

cardiomegaly

A

an enlargement of the heart causes an increase in thickness of the part

57
Q

congestive heart failure

A

when heart is in failure, the cardiac output is diminished; results in backward failure, or increased venous congestion in the lungs; lung tissue density is increased and the heart is enlarged as well

58
Q

empyema

A

pus in the thoracic cavity causes an increase in tissue density

59
Q

pleural effusions (hemothorax, hydrothorax)

A

when pleural cavity fills with either blood or serous fluid, it displaces normal lung tissue; results in an increased tissue density within thoracic cavity

60
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

inhalation of dust particles can cause fibrotic (scarring) changes; when healthy lung tissues become fibrotic, then density of the tissue increases

61
Q

pneumonectomy

A

removal of a lung will cause the affected side to demonstrate an increase in IR exposure because normal air-filled lung tissue is removed

62
Q

pneumonia (pneumonitis)

A

inflammation of the lung tissues causes fluid to fill in the alveolar spaces; fluid has much greater tissue density than the air normally present

63
Q

pulmonary edema

A

when fluid fills the interstitial lung tissues and the alveoli, the tissue density increases; a typical complication of congestive heart failure

64
Q

tuberculosis (advanced and miliary)

A

an infection by a mycobacteria causes the inflammatory response, which results in an increase in fluid in the lungs; if inhaled, generally begins as a localized lesion (usually upper lobes) and can spread to a more advanced stage; if reached lungs by bloodstream, it has a more diffuse spread (miliary TB); increased tissue density results in both advanced and miliary TB

65
Q

additive conditions of the abdomen

A

aortic aneurysm, ascites, calcified stones, and cirrhosis

66
Q

pathological conditions of the abdomen will usually cause

A

abdomen to distend

67
Q

aortic aneurysm

A

a large dilation of the aorta will result in increased thickness of the affected part

68
Q

ascites

A

fluid accumulation within the peritoneal cavity causes an increase in tissue thickness; free fluid has a unique “ground glass” appearance radiographically

69
Q

calcified stones

A

most commonly found throughout the abdomen in such organs as the gallbladder and kidney; calcium may be deposited, which causes an increase in effective atomic number of tissue

70
Q

cirrhosis

A

fibrotic changes in the liver cause the liver to enlarge and ascites can result; result is an increase in thickness of the liver and the entire abdomen

71
Q

additive conditions of the extremities and skull

A

osteoblastic, acromegaly, chronic osteomyelitis, hydrocephalus, osteoblastic metastases, Paget’s disease, sclerosis

72
Q

osteoblastic

A

conditions that result in new bone growth

73
Q

acromegaly

A

an overgrowth of hands, feet, face, and jaw as a result of hypersecretion of growth hormones in the adult will result in an increase in bone mass

74
Q

chronic osteomyelitis

A

a chronic bone infection results in new bone growth at the infection site

75
Q

hydrocephalus

A

a dilation of the fluid-filled cerebral ventricles causes an enlargement of the head, resulting in an increased thickness

76
Q

osteoblastic metastases

A

spread of cancer to bone can result in uncontrolled new bone growth

77
Q

osteochondroma

A

a tumor arising in the bones and cartilage will result in an increased thickness of bone

78
Q

Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)

A

an increase occurs in bone cell activity, which leads to new bone growth; result is increased bone thickness, with pelvis, spine and skull most often affected

79
Q

sclerosis

A

an increase in hardening as a result of a chronic inflammation of bone; increases density of bone tissue

80
Q

a decrease in what percent of mAs will compensate for most destructive pathological conditions

A

25%-50%

81
Q

destructive conditions affecting multiple sites

A

anorexia nervosa, atrophy, and emanciation

82
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

a psychological eating disorder that results in an extreme weight loss; overall body thickness is reduced

83
Q

atrophy

A

a wasting away of body tissue with diminished cell proliferation, resulting in reduced thickness of a specific part or the entire body

84
Q

emanciation

A

a generalized wasting away of body tissue, resulting in reduced thickness of the body

85
Q

destructive conditions of the chest

A

emphysema and pneumothorax

86
Q

emphysema

A

overdistention of the lung tissues by air will result in a decrease in lung tissue density

87
Q

pneumothorax

A

free air in the pleural cavity displaces normal lung tissue and results in decreased density within the thoracic cavity

88
Q

destructive conditions of the abdomen

A

aerophagia and bowel obstruction

89
Q

aerophagia

A

a psychological disorder resulting in abdominal swallowing of air; stomach becomes dilated from air and overall tissue density decrease

90
Q

bowel obstruction

A

an obstruction in the bowel results in abnormal accumulation of air and fluid; if large amount of air is trapped in the bowel, the overall density of tissues is decreased

91
Q

destructive conditions of the extremities and skull

A

osteolytic, active osteomyelitis, aseptic necrosis, carcinoma, degenerative arthritis, fibrosarcoma, gout, hyperparathyroidism, multiple myeloma, osteolytic metastases, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

92
Q

osteolytic

A

conditions that result in destruction of bone tissue

93
Q

what percentage of bone substance must be lost before changes can be seen radiographically

A

50%

94
Q

active osteomyelitis

A

with a bone infection, there is initially a loss of bone tissue (containing calcium), resulting in a decrease in the thickness and composition of the part

95
Q

aseptic necrosis

A

death of bone tissue results in a decrease in the thickness and composition of the part

96
Q

carcinoma

A

malignancies in bone can cause an osteolytic process, resulting in decreased thickness and composition of the part

97
Q

degenerative arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints results in a destruction of adjoining bone tissue, which decreases the composition of the part

98
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the metaphysis of bone causes an osteolytic lesion with a “moth-eaten” appearance; result is reduced bone composition

99
Q

gout

A

during the chronic stages of this metabolic disease, areas of bone destruction result in punched-out lesions that reduce the bone composition

100
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

oversecretion of the parathyroid hormone causes calcium to leave bone and enter the bloodstream; bone becomes demineralized and composition is decreased

101
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant tumor arises from plasma cells of bone marrow and causes punched-out osteolytic areas on the bone; often many sites are affected and reduced bone tissue composition results

102
Q

osteolytic metastases

A

when some malignancies spread to bone they produce destruction of the bone, resulting in reduced composition

103
Q

osteomalacia

A

a defect in bone mineralization results in decreased composition of the affected bone

104
Q

osteoporosis

A

a defect in bone production due to the failure of osteoblasts to lay down bone matrix results in decreased composition of affected bone

S4: Radiographic Imaging (31 decks)

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