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S4: Radiographic Imaging > Chapter 14 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

the maximum dose received by the patient is where

A

at the skin entrance to the body

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2
Q

formula for entrance skin exposure

A

mR/mAs

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3
Q

formula for fluoroscopy entrance skin exposure

A

R/min

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4
Q

exposure is

A

radiation intensity in air

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5
Q

exposure is measured in

A

roentgens (R)

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6
Q

dose is

A

the amount of radiation absorbed

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7
Q

dose is measured in

A

rad

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8
Q

entrance skin exposure is calculated at

A

minimum SOD

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9
Q

it is better to _____ exposure, rather than _____ exposure

A

overestimate; underestimate

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10
Q

mR/mAs charts are typically calculated at what distance

A

40 inches SID (100 cm)

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11
Q

higher kVp’s produce _____ mR/mAs

A

higher

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12
Q

FDA limit for standard fluoroscopy exposure rates

A

11.5 R/min (10 cGy/min)

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13
Q

FDA limit for high-level control fluoroscopy exposure rates

A

23 R/min (20 cGy/min)

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14
Q

what is the interrelationship of prime factors

A

(mAs)x(kVp squared)/(distance squared)

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15
Q

increasing kVp without compensation in mAs will

A

increase patient dose

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16
Q

increasing kVp with a compensation in mAs will

A

decrease patient dose

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17
Q

increasing mAs without compensation from other technical factors will

A

increase patient dose

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18
Q

mAs at the lowest level possible will

A

reduce patient dose

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19
Q

an increase in SID or SOD results in

A

decrease in entrance skin exposure (ESE)

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20
Q

a decrease in OID will

A

increase SOD and decrease ESE

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21
Q

increased filtration will decrease ESE with

A

modification in kVp

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22
Q

increased filtration will increase ESE with

A

modification in mAs to maintain image quality

23
Q

a decrease in primary beam size will

A

decrease patient dose

24
Q

a significant decrease in field size will often require

A

an increase in mAs

25
Q

three major types of gonad shielding

A

flat contact, shadow, and shaped contact

26
Q

a higher ratio grid will

A

require increase in mAs and increases patient dose

27
Q

use lowest ratio grid necessary to

A

minimize patient dose

28
Q

use of an intensifying screen will

A

reduce dose (faster screen speed)

29
Q

use of film will

A

decrease dose (increases film speed)

30
Q

use of film processing will

A

have no effect on dose when properly maintianed

31
Q

digital image receptor systems respond to

A

0.01 mR to 100 mR

32
Q

what percent of radiation exposure received by the general public is a result of diagnostic radiographic examinations

A

15%

33
Q

which radiographic exams result in the highest ESEs

A

L-spine, pelvis, and hip

34
Q

when area of interest is as close to IR as possible

A

increased recorded detail, decreased distortion, and places area as far from entrance exposure as possible

35
Q

immobilization will

A

eliminate motion, decrease tissue density through compression, and reduces dose

36
Q

what percent of repeats are the result of improper technical factors

A

> 50%

37
Q

increasing the number of pulses from the generator will

A

cause substantial decrease in patient ESE

38
Q

k-edge is created by

A

characteristic photons

39
Q

characteristic photons interact with matter through

A

photoelectric interactions

40
Q

mAs has a _____ relationship with exposure

A

direct

41
Q

increasing filtration will

A

reduce ESE, even when kVp is compensated

42
Q

increased field size will

A

increase total dose, even when mAs or kVp are adjusted

43
Q

flat contact shield

A

positioned over gonads at skin surface

44
Q

shadow shield

A

positioned in primary beam below collimator

45
Q

shaped contact

A

worn by patient to surround gonads

46
Q

what region does not permit the use of shields

A

pelvic region

47
Q

decreasing subject part density

A

decreases scatter production and reduces patient dose

48
Q

using a higher speed film will

A

decrease dose

49
Q

most acceptable images produced use about _____ exposure to receptor

A

1 mR

50
Q

asymptomatic patients should only be examined when

A

is significant cause; after considering incidence and severity of condition; detection reliability of exam; usefulness of exam in treatment

51
Q

symptomatic patients should fit what two criteria for x-ray exams

A

exam is capable of providing desired information; the information, if negative, is expected to contribute to the management of the patient

52
Q

establish credibility with patient by

A

answering questions; taking medical history; manipulate x-ray equipment; and exhibiting a professional demeanor

53
Q

Proceeding with an exam after a patient refuses puts the radiographer at risk of malpractice action. This is usually as

A

assault and battery

S4: Radiographic Imaging (31 decks)

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