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Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 9 Neurodevelopment (Prenatal Development) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Neurodevelopment (Prenatal Development) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three general ideas on Neurodevelopment?

A
  1. There is an amazing nature to neurodevelopment
  2. Experiences (enrichment) play an important role on neurodevelopment
  3. Errors in neurodevelopment can be dire
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2
Q

Define zygote

A

from fertilization to two weeks

-single diploid cell formed from joining of egg and sperm

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3
Q

Define embryo

A

from two weeks to 8 weeks

-after implantation in uterine wall (endometrium)

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4
Q

When does the embryo become the fetus?

A

9 weeks to birth

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5
Q

Define totipotent

A

able to develop into any class of cell in the body (zygote is totipotent)

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6
Q

Define pluripotent

A

able to develop into many (but not all) classes of cell

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7
Q

Define multipotent

A

able to develop into dif cells of ONE class (more specialized)

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8
Q

Define unipotent

A

can develop into only one type of cell

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9
Q

What are two criteria for embryonic stem cells?

A
  1. Almost unlimited capacity for self-renewal (splits into one stem cell and one specialized cell with each division)
  2. Ability to develop into many dif types of cell (can be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent)
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10
Q

What three things MUST happen during prenatal development?

A
  1. Cells must DIFFERENTIATE
  2. Cells must make their way to appropriate area and align with other cells (MIGRATION AND AGGREGATION)
  3. Cells must establish functional relationships with other cells (SYNAPTOGENESIS)
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11
Q

What are five stages of development?

A
  1. Induction (formation) of neural plate
  2. Neural Proliferation
  3. Migration and Aggregation
  4. Axon Growth and Synapse Formation
  5. Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement
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12
Q

When does stage 1 (induction of neural plate) occur?

What does this stage include?

A
  1. 3 weeks after conception

2. Chemical signals from the Mesoderm layer induce the development of the neural plate

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13
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

small patch of Ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the embryo

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14
Q

Cells that eventually become the CNS originate where?

A

The neural tube

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15
Q

Cells that eventually form the PNS originate from where?

A

The neural crest

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16
Q

What happens during Phase 2 (Neural Proliferation)?

A
  • The neural plate folds to form the neural groove which then fuses to form the neural tube
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17
Q

How is Neural Proliferation organized?

A

Chemically by Roof Plate and Floor Plate

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18
Q

What will the inside of the neural tube form?

A

Cerebral Ventricles and spinal cord

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19
Q

At 40 days after conception what is visible at the end of the neural tube?

A

Three Swellings:

  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
20
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Where most cell division occurs in the neural tube

-adjacent to the ventricle (fluid filled centre)

21
Q

What does phase three (migration and aggregation) consist of?

A

Migration: mvmt of new cells to appropriate location
Aggregation: Neurons align with other neurons

22
Q

There are two types of migration, what are they?

A
  1. Tangenitial

2. Radial

23
Q

What is tangenitial migration?

A

Moving “in” to another part of tube at right angle to Radial Migration

24
Q

What is Radial Migration?

A

Moving from centre (ventricular zone) outward

25
Q

What are two methods of migration?

A
  1. Somal Translocation

2. Glial-Mediated Migration

26
Q

Describe somal translocation

A
  • an extension grows (like a hand searching in the dark) from the cell and the cell body moves along it
  • slow and meandering - extension tests environment for ‘cues’
  • Can be Radial or Tangential
27
Q

Describe Glial-Mediated Migration

A
  • A temporary network of radial-glial cells develop in the neural tube
  • cells can move into position along radial-glial cells (like climbing up scaffolding)
  • More directed than somal translocation
  • Only Radial Migration
28
Q

Is cell migration faster in CNS or PNS? Why?

A

CNS because have shorter to travel than PNS

29
Q

Migration occurs in an inside-out pattern, what does this mean?

A

Cells go through already formed lower layers of cortex before reaching final destination
*occurs in organized waves from deep tissue to more superficial layers

30
Q

What is Aggregation?

A
  • Neurons must align with other neurons to form connections

- Aided by Cell-Adhesion Molecules (CAM’s)

31
Q

How is Aggregation accomplished?

A

Cell adhesion molecules:

  1. act as a beacon that attracts certain cell types
  2. located on the surface of cell and allows cells to attach to eachother
32
Q

Gap Junctions are very important in neurodevelopment, why?

A

allow “huddle of neurons” to communicate with eachother before synaptogenesis has occured

  • pass cytoplasm betwn cells
  • connexin instead of axon
33
Q

What happens in Stage four (Axon Growth and Synapse Formation)?

A
  1. each growing axon and dendrite develops a “growth cone” (exagerrated terminal button)
  2. CAM’s and Tropic Molecules guide growth
34
Q

What are tropic molecules?

A

produced by target cells being sought by axons

-specific to certain areas of the brain

35
Q

What are the two hypotheses for how synapses form?

A
  1. Chemoaffinity hypothesis

2. Topographical gradient hypothesis

36
Q

What is the Chemoaffinity Hypothesis?

A

Each postsynaptic surface releases a specific chemical label that attracts axons to it

–some axons follow very indirect routes, suggesting that growth cones may be guided by a number of growth cones

37
Q

What are pioneer growth cones?

A

First cones to travel a new route in developing nervous system

38
Q

What is Fasciculation?

A

Tendency fro axons to grow along paths established by Pioneer Growth cones

39
Q

What is the Topographical Gradient Hypothesis?

A

Axons growing from one topographic surface to another are arranged according to layout of cell bodies on original surface
*Suggests that there is a chemical gradient in the environment that axons follow

40
Q

What chemicals are apart of the chemical gradient depicted in the topographical gradient hypothesis? Which directions do they account for?

A

Ephrin A: Medial Lateral

Ephrin B: Dorsal Ventral

41
Q

Define Synaptogenesis

A

Formation of new synapses

-requires glial cells / astrocytes

42
Q

What happens in the fifth stage (Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement)

A

because 50% more neurons are produced than are needed, neuron death must occur

43
Q

There are two mechanisms to achieve neuron death, what are they?

A
  1. Apoptosis

2. Necrosis

44
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell suicide (active)
Cells have an “expiration date”
-packages self into vesicles = clean and organized

45
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Passive cell death

  • from malnutrition
  • messy = contents of cell “spill” and can cause inflammation
46
Q

What are the consequences if

(a) apoptosis occurs before they are programmed?
(b) apoptosis fails to occur

A

(a) Autoimmune Disease

(b) Tumours

47
Q

How is Synapse Rearrangement achieved?

A

Target cell releases Life-Preserving Chemicals to pre-synaptic cell that they want to maintain a connection with

  • reward for correct connection
  • leads to increased selectivity of transmission

Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

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