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Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 10 Brain Damage > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Brain Damage Flashcards

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1
Q

What are six causes of brain damage

A
  1. Tumours
  2. Strokes
  3. Closed Head Injuries
  4. Infection
  5. Neurotoxins
  6. Cerebrovascular disorders
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2
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Mass of cells that grow independently of the rest of the body

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3
Q

~20% of tumours are Meningiomas, what does this mean? How do they cause brain damage?

A

Meningiomas grow between the meninges

  • encapsulated (have own membrane = easy to remove)
  • Most are benign
  • Damage results from pressure exerted on surrounding tissue
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4
Q

Most brain tumours are Infiltrating, what does this mean?

A

Grow diffusely throughout the brain
Non-encapsulated = difficult to remove
Most are malignant (cancerous)

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5
Q

10% of tumours are metastatic, what does this mean?

A

Transferred to brain from another part of the body through bloodstream

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6
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Sudden interruption in blood supply to the brain

  • progressive
  • symptoms depend on brain region effected
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7
Q

What are common outcomes of strokes?

A

Memory loss
Aphasia (impairment in language)
Paralysis
Vision loss

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8
Q

What are five signs of a stroke?

A
  1. weakness
  2. trouble speaking
  3. vision problems
  4. headache
  5. dizzyness
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9
Q

What is an infarct?

A

Dead brain damage resulting from a stroke

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10
Q

What is a penumbra?

A

“at risk” brain tissue around the infarct

-this is what stroke treatment aims to minimize

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11
Q

What are two major types of cerebrovascular disorders?

A
  1. Cerebral ischemia

2. Cerebral Hemorrhage

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12
Q

What is a cerebral ischemia? What are three things that can cause a cerebral ischemia?

A

Caused by disruption of blood supply resulting from blockage in blood vessel = three types of blockage:

  1. thrombosis
  2. embolism
  3. antioclerosis
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13
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Plug formed in vessel

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14
Q

What is an embolism?

A

plug forms in large vessel and travels to small vessel

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15
Q

What is antiosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of blood vessel b/c of fat deposits usually following damage to the vessel

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16
Q

What is a cerebral hemorrhage?

A

when a blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into surrounding tissue

  • build up of blood causes damage
  • result of aneurysm (balloon-like swelling in an artery caused by defective elasticity)
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17
Q

What are two things to remember about ischemia-induced brain damage?

A
  1. it takes time

2. does not occur equally in all parts of the brain - hippocampus generally suffers most damage

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18
Q

What are Closed Head Injuries?

A

Any blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull

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19
Q

What is a contusion?

A

Any CHI that involves damage to brains circulatory system

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20
Q

What is a Hematoma?

A

Build up of clotted blood (bruise) in brain following a contusion - causes pressure on underlying brain tissue

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21
Q

What are three types of Hematoma?

A
  1. Epidural Hematoma
  2. Subdural Hematoma
  3. Intracerebral Hematoma
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22
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

Best case scenario

- Outside Meninges = doesn’t interfere with neurons

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23
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

More severe

-can effect neurons

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24
Q

What is an Intracerebral Hematoma?

A

Worst Case Scenario

  • Within corical area
  • progressive
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25
Q

What is a concussion? Autopsy usually shows what? What is a defining feature?

A

Cognitive disturbance following CHI where there is no evidence of contusion or other brain damage

  • loss of consciousness is a defining feature
  • “punch-drunk syndrome”
  • Damage only seen on autopsy = large amounts of tau protein
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26
Q

What is commonly caused from Bacterial Brain Infections?

A

Cerebral Abscesses:

pockets of pus in the brain

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27
Q

What is Meningitis?

A

Bacterial Brain infection that attacks Meninges

-fatal if left untreated

28
Q

What are four common Bacterial Brain Infections?

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Syphilis
  3. Rabies
  4. Herpes Encephalitis
29
Q

What is syphilis?

A

Bacteria passed through genetal sores, can be dormant for years

  • leads to severe brain damage
  • General paresis
30
Q

What is General Paresis?

A

Psychosis

-syndrome of insanity/dementia resulting from syphilitic infections in the brain

31
Q

What is Rabies?

A

Transmitted via bite from infected animal

  • affinity for nervous system
  • attacks brain one month after contraction
  • fatal if left untreated
32
Q

What is Herpes encephalitis?

A

Does not have an affinity for the nervous system

herpes attacks all tissue, including brain

33
Q

What are three toxins that can damage the nervous system (neurotoxins)

A
  1. Lead
  2. Mercury
  3. Pesticides
34
Q

What is toxic psychosis?

A

chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin

-tardive dyskinesia (TD)

35
Q

What are four neuropsychological diseases?

A
  1. Epilepsy
  2. Multiple Sclerosis
  3. Alzheimers
  4. Parkinson’s
36
Q

What is epilepsy

A

chronic seizures caused by underlying brain abnormalities

-overactivation of neurons in the brain from defective inhibitory system

37
Q

What are partial seizures vs generalized seizures?

A

Partial: involve only part of the brain: focal = simple
Generalized: involve entire brain

38
Q

What are epileptic auras?

A

psychological changes that occur prior to a seizure

39
Q

What causes epilepsy?

A

Many things: brain damage, toxins, viruses, tumors, genetics, improper inhibitory synapses

40
Q

Epilepsy diagnosis relies heavily on what?

A

EEG recordings - shown by sudden onset of high amplitude waves

41
Q

What are Simple partial seizures?

A

Safer
Symptoms are primarily sesnory or motor or both
Waves down cortex ( motor twitch or sensory tingling)

42
Q

What are Complex Partial Seizures?

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

  • Patients engage in compulsive, repetetive, simple behaviours called automatisms
  • routine of simple beh (button and unbutton shirt) with no memory after the fact
43
Q

What are two types of partial seizure?

A

Simple and complex

44
Q

What are two types of Generalized Seizure?

A
  1. Petit Mal

2. Grande Mal

45
Q

What is a petit mal seizure?

A

“absent siezures”

  • No convulsion
  • primary symptom is abscence (disruption of consciousness, vacant look, fluttering eyelids)
46
Q

What is a Grande Mal Seizure?

A

Tonic Clonic

Loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, violent tonic-clonic convulsion

47
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

A progressive autoimmune disorder that destroys myelin in the CNS

  • typically onsets in early adulthood
  • starts with microscopic damage, later leads to axon degeneration
  • Periods of remission up to 2 years
48
Q

What are four symptoms of MS?

A
  1. Visual disturbances
  2. Muscular weakness
  3. Ataxia (loss of muscle coordination)
  4. cognitive deficits
49
Q

In MS what is being attacked?

A

Myelin (glial cells) = creates plaque

Axon damage leads to cell death and creates tumour mass

50
Q

What are 3 genetic considerations of MS?

A
  • Higher concordance rate in monozygotic vs dizygotic twins
  • 3x higher in females
  • higher rates in caucasians
51
Q

What are 3 environmental considerations of MS?

A
  1. Higher rates in colder climates
  2. Risk of developing MS changes with migration between climates
  3. Smokers are at greater risk for developing MS
52
Q

What is Alzheimers Disease?

A

most common cause of adult dementia

-terminal progressive neurodegenerative disease

53
Q

What do the early stages of Alzheimers look like?

A

decline in memory functions, attention problems, personality changes

54
Q

What do the intermediate stages of alzheimers look like?

A

confusion, irritablity, anxiety, deterioration of speech

55
Q

What do the advanced stages of alzheimers look like?

A

lose control over bodily functions

56
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

tangles of protein in teh neural cytoplasm

  • destroys microtubules
  • tau protein
57
Q

What are amyloid plaques?

A

clumps of scar tissue made up from dying neurons and beta amyloid protein

58
Q

What cortex is destroyed during alzheimers?

A

association cortex

59
Q

What are the three nuclei of the Basal Ganglia?

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus
60
Q

What 3 things does the Basal Ganglia do?

A
  1. Recieves input from most areas of cortex
  2. plays a critical role in modulating the force of movements
  3. plays important role in motor learning
61
Q

What is parkinsons disease?

A

Results from death of dopamine secreting cells in the substantia nigra

62
Q

What is the result of an absence of dopamine?

A

not enough inhibition of the GPi (internal globus pallidus) in the direct pathway and too much excitation of the GPi in the indirect pathway

63
Q

What are four characterizations of Parkinsons?

A
  1. Muscular Rigidity
  2. Hypokinesia
  3. Resting Tremor
  4. Cognitive impairments
64
Q

What are three animal models that help us understand neurological diseases?

A
  1. Kindling Model of Epilepsy
  2. Transgenic Mouse Model of AD
  3. MPTP Model of Parkinson’s
65
Q

What is the kindling model of epilepsy?

A

Brain stimulations elicit convulsions similar to those seen in some forms of human epilepsy
-similar to epilepsy developed following a head injury

66
Q

What is the Transgenic Mouse Model of AD?

A

Only humans and few primates develop the amyloid plaques seen during alzheimers
-transgenic means genes of another species have been introduced that accelerate human amyloid synthesis intorduced in mice

67
Q

What is the MPTP Model of Parkinsons disease?

A

Heroin with MPTP toxic to Dopamine = given to monkeys creates parkinson’s disease-like symptoms
*Found that DEPRENYL blocked effect of MPTP

Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

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