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Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 11 Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Amnesia

A

Loss of memory, usually as a result of brain injury

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2
Q

What are two types of Amnesia?

A
  1. Retrograde Amnesia

2. Anterograde Amnesia

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3
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

“backwards acting”

  • cannot remember events prior to brain damage
  • loss of past memories
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4
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

“Forwards Acting”
Cannot remember events that occur after brain damage
-inability to create new memories

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5
Q

What surgery did HM undergo?

A

Bilateral temporal Lobe Resection

complete removal of rhinal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus

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6
Q

What were the results of HM’s surgery?

A

Some retrograde amnesia
Severe anterograde amnesia
-his problem was with consolidatin

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7
Q

What was thought to be the initial learning process?

A
  1. Sensory Information went into
  2. Short term memory which was consolidated into
  3. Long-term memory
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8
Q

What is Short-term memory?

A

immediate memory, limited capacity

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9
Q

What is Long-term memory?

A

Memory for past events; unlimited capacity

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10
Q

What is Consolidation?

A

Process of converting short term memories into long term memories

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11
Q

What were three conclusions based on HM?

A
  1. Hippocampus is not the location of long-term memories
  2. hippocampus is not the location of short-term memories
  3. hippocampus is involved in converting short-term memories into long-term memories (consolidation)
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12
Q

Brenda Milner disrupted the previous model of learning and replaced it with her “Multiple Memory System”: what was this?

A

Sensory memory -> short-term memory (working memory) -> Long-term memory

there are two categories of long-term memory, each of which have two subcategories

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13
Q

What are the two categories of long-term memory?

A

Explicit Memory: Conscious and Voluntary

Implicit Memory: Procedural/Motor = unconscious

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14
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Semantic Memory: explicit for factual info

Episodic Memory: explicit for specific events of ones life

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15
Q

What are the two types of Implicit Memory?

A

Procedural: learn from doing = difficult to give verbal instructions (eg riding a bike)
Perceptual Memory: unintentional = dejavu

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16
Q

What happened to KC?

A

Damage to Medial temporal lobes left him with severe amnesia for personal experiences (autobiographical memory)

17
Q

What is Korsakoffs syndrome?

A

anterograde amnesia due to alcholism

18
Q

Those with Korsakoff’s often are nutritionally deficient, what are the effects of this?

A

Vitamin B deficiency destroys the mammillary bodies and mediodorsal thalamus

19
Q

What kind of amnesia is common with concussions?

A

amnesia for events immediately preceding and following the concussion

20
Q

What is Hebb’s Theory?

A

Concussions disrupt consolidation
Memories are stored in the short term by neural activity - implies consolidation is rather brief (but is in fact a long process)

21
Q

What is a controlled method of studying memory consolidation?

A

Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS) - intense, brief, diffuse seizure inducing current that is administered to the brain and disrupts consolidation

22
Q

What is the hippocampus’s role in memory storage?

A

Spatial Location

23
Q

What is the Perirhinal Cortex’s role in memory storage?

A

Object recognition

24
Q

What is the mediodorsal nucleus’s role in memory storage?

A

Korsakoff’s symptoms

25
Q

What is the basal forebrain’s role in memory storage?

A

Alzheimer’s symptoms

26
Q

What is Hebb’s Rule?

A

If a synapse becomes active repeatedly at the same time that the post-synaptic neuron fires, the synapse will be strengthened

27
Q

Define long term potentiation (LTP)

A

Repeated high strength stimulation strengthen the response of the dentate gyrus so that it will later respond to weaker stimuli

28
Q

What is Long-Term Depression (LTD)?

A

Create weaker synapse = never learn

29
Q

What is Associative LTP?

A

When a strong stimulus is paired with a weak one their connection becomes strengthened

30
Q

What two events does LTP require?

A
  1. Activation of presynaptic neuron

2. Depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

31
Q

NMDA receptors require a two step process because a magnesium ion blocks the Ca2+ channel. What are these steps?

A

Calcium ion channel is blocked by magnesium - needs to be ejected before Ca2+ can enter

  1. Depolarization of the membrane evicts the Mg2+ ion and unblocks the channel
  2. Ca2+ rushes in
32
Q

What two conditions are required for NMDA receptors to be active?

A
  1. Glutamate must be present

2. Postsynaptic membrane must be depolarized

33
Q

Are NMDA receptors neurotransmitter or voltage dependent?

A

Both

34
Q

What is important to note about NMDA receptors with AP5 (amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid)?

A
  1. AP5 prevents LTP
    however
  2. AP5 doesn’t interfere LTP that has already been established
35
Q

The strengthening of synapses relates to what?

A

an increase in postsynaptic AMPA receptors

36
Q

What are AMPA receptors?

A

glutamate receptors that control Na+ channels (straight forward, doesn’t require ejection of Mg2+)

37
Q

What happens after Ca2+ enters the postsynaptic dendrites?

A

The protein kinase, CaM-KII, is activated and delivers AMPA receptors to the membrane via vesicles

38
Q

Presynaptic changes may be related to the activation of what?

A

Nitric Oxide (NO) - can act as a presynaptic messenger

39
Q

Provide the four steps to how a once-weak synapse changes:

A
  1. Glutamate released and binds to NMDA receptor
  2. Calcium enters and activates CaM-KII which causes insertion of AMPA receptors
  3. LTP also causes perforated synapses
  4. Calcium activates NO which diffuses out and back into terminal button to increase glutamate release

Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

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