Chapter 14 Sleep

Question 1

When talking about sleep there are three things to keep in mind:

Answer 1

1. Sleep is different for individuals
2. We adapt easily to changes in sleep
3. Sleep Deprivation is almost always in conjunction with stress

Question 2

What are Recuperation Theories?

Answer 2

-Sleep is needed to restore homeostasis

wakefulness causes deviation from homeostasis

Question 3

What are the Adaptation Theories?

Answer 3

1. Sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism
2. Sleep evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night

Prey sleep less than predators

Question 4

How is Sleep studied?

Answer 4

Using EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Question 5

There are five stages of sleep:

Answer 5

1. Wakefulness
2. Stage 1 Sleep
3. Stage 2 Sleep
4. Slow-Wave (deep) Sleep
5. REM

Question 6

Wakefulness has two basic patterns of wave activity:

Answer 6

1. Alpha: regular, medium frequency (8-12 hz)
   - occurs when eyes are closed and relaxed
2. Beta: irregular and lower amplitude (13-30 hz)
   - shows asynchrony due to multiple neural circuits at work

Question 7

What waves characterize stage 1 sleep?

Answer 7

Theta Waves (3.5-7.5 Hz)

• transition between sleep and wakefulness
• rolling eye movements
• lasts about 10 minutes

Question 8

Stage 2 Sleep has what two characteristics?

Answer 8

1. Sleep Spindles

2. K Complexes

Question 9

What are sleep spindles?

Answer 9

mechanism that decreases the brains sensitivity to sensory input - wants you to stay asleep
Found in stages 1-4

Question 10

What are K Complexes?

Answer 10

Only found during stage 2 - triggered by noises

Question 11

What waves are seen in stages 3 and 4?

Answer 11

High amplitude delta waves (>3.5 Hz)

Question 12

What is the deepest stage of sleep?

Answer 12

Stage 4 Slow Wave Sleep - if woken, will be groggy and confused

Question 13

What type of wave activity is seen during REM?

Answer 13

Theta and Beta = brain is active

Question 14

If woken during REM what is a person like?

Answer 14

Alert and attentive

Question 15

What is Complete Muscle Atonia and why is it important during REM?

Answer 15

ACh is blocked= paralysis

Prevents us from acting out our dreams

Question 16

What does a typical nights sleep look like?

Answer 16

90 minute cycle:
- 4-5 periods of REM sleep (each about 30 minutes long)
-

Question 17

What are the effects of sleep deprivation as predicted by the Recuperation Theories?

Answer 17

• Long periods of wakefulness will result in disturbances
• disturbances will get worse as deprivation continues
• after deprivation, much of the missed sleep will be regained

Question 18

What are two classic sleep deprivation case studies?

Answer 18

1. Sleep Deprived Students

2. Randy Gardner

Question 19

What is the effect of 3-4 hours of deprivation in one night?

Answer 19

• increased sleepines
• Disturbances displayed on written tests of mood
• Poor performance on tests of vigilance
• slow reaction time

Question 20

What is the effect of 2-3 days of continuous deprivation

Answer 20

• Experience microsleeps, naps of 2-3 seconds
• difficulty updating plans and strategies
• difficulty thinking outside the box (innovative, lateral insightful thinking)

Question 21

The Circadian Rhythm is a ______ hour cycle

Answer 21

25

Question 22

What are zeitgebers?

Answer 22

Light-Dark environmental cues that entrain circadian rhythms

Question 23

What are free-running rhythms?

Answer 23

circadian rhythms in constant environments: no temporal cues (remove zeitgebers)

Question 24

What is internal desynchronization?

Answer 24

when sleep-wake and body temperature cycles break away from eachother

Question 25

Where in the brain is the circadian clock?

Answer 25

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)

Question 26

What is Melnopsin?

Answer 26

Photochemical in ganglion cells that activate to gradual changes in light and transmit info from the retina to the rest of the brain

Question 27

What two areas of the hypothalamus are involved in sleep?

Answer 27

``` posterior hypothalamus (wakefulness) and anterior hypothalamus (sleep) ```

Question 28

What are four pieces of evidence that the Reticular Activating System is involved in sleep?

Answer 28

1. cats with midcollicular transection displayed pattern of continuous slow-wave sleep 2. Lesions at midcollicular level that damaged core of reticular formation produged a corical EEG indicative of continuous slow-wave sleep 3. Electrical stimulation of the pontine reticular formation desynchronized the cortical EEG and awakened cats 4. Cats with transection of the caudal brain stem displayed a normal sleep-wake cycle

Question 29

What is REM sleep controlled by?

Answer 29

a variety of nuclei scattered throughout the caudal reticular formation

Question 30

What four parts of the brain are involved in sleep?

Answer 30

Anterior Hypothalamus: sleep Posterior Hypothalamus: wakefulness Reticular Activating System: maintaining wakefulness Caudal Reticular Formation Nuclei: REM

Question 31

What are three classes of hypnotic drugs?

Answer 31

1. Benzodiazepines 2. Imidazopyridines 3. 5-HTP

Question 32

What are three classes of antihypnotic drugs?

Answer 32

1. cocaine-derived stimulants 2. amphetamine-derived stimulants 3. tricyclic antidepressants

Question 33

How do antihypnotic drugs promote wakefulness?

Answer 33

boost activity of catecholamines (epenephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) - by increasing their release into synapse, by blocking reuptake from synapses, or both

Question 34

Where is melatonin produced?

Answer 34

The pineal gland

Question 35

Define Chronobiotic

Answer 35

a substance that adjusts the timing of internal biological rhythms *melatonin is chronobiotic

Question 36

Many cases of insomnia are iatrogenic, what does this mean?

Answer 36

Physician-created = because of sleeping pills prescribed by doctors Leads to Drug-dependency insomnia

Question 37

What are six ways to get a good nights sleep?

Answer 37

1. Avoid stressful activity before bedtime 2. Sleep and wake-up at regular times 3. Sleep in a cool room 4. Avoid caffeine, taking naps or watching tv/internet before bed 5. Sleep only when you're tired 6. Get out of bed if you can't sleep and go back when you are tired

Question 38

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 38

- briefly stop breathing during sleep | - CO2 in the blood stimulates chemoreceptors that causes the person to wake up gasping for air

Question 39

What is narcalepsy?

Answer 39

Sleep attack - overwhelming urge to sleep mostly durin gmonotonous boring tasks -REM phenomena