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Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 14 Sleep > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

When talking about sleep there are three things to keep in mind:

A
  1. Sleep is different for individuals
  2. We adapt easily to changes in sleep
  3. Sleep Deprivation is almost always in conjunction with stress
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2
Q

What are Recuperation Theories?

A

-Sleep is needed to restore homeostasis

wakefulness causes deviation from homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the Adaptation Theories?

A
  1. Sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism
  2. Sleep evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night

Prey sleep less than predators

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4
Q

How is Sleep studied?

A

Using EEG (Electroencephalogram)

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5
Q

There are five stages of sleep:

A
  1. Wakefulness
  2. Stage 1 Sleep
  3. Stage 2 Sleep
  4. Slow-Wave (deep) Sleep
  5. REM
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6
Q

Wakefulness has two basic patterns of wave activity:

A
  1. Alpha: regular, medium frequency (8-12 hz)
    - occurs when eyes are closed and relaxed
  2. Beta: irregular and lower amplitude (13-30 hz)
    - shows asynchrony due to multiple neural circuits at work
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7
Q

What waves characterize stage 1 sleep?

A

Theta Waves (3.5-7.5 Hz)

  • transition between sleep and wakefulness
  • rolling eye movements
  • lasts about 10 minutes
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8
Q

Stage 2 Sleep has what two characteristics?

A
  1. Sleep Spindles

2. K Complexes

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9
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

mechanism that decreases the brains sensitivity to sensory input - wants you to stay asleep
Found in stages 1-4

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10
Q

What are K Complexes?

A

Only found during stage 2 - triggered by noises

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11
Q

What waves are seen in stages 3 and 4?

A

High amplitude delta waves (>3.5 Hz)

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12
Q

What is the deepest stage of sleep?

A

Stage 4 Slow Wave Sleep - if woken, will be groggy and confused

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13
Q

What type of wave activity is seen during REM?

A

Theta and Beta = brain is active

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14
Q

If woken during REM what is a person like?

A

Alert and attentive

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15
Q

What is Complete Muscle Atonia and why is it important during REM?

A

ACh is blocked= paralysis

Prevents us from acting out our dreams

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16
Q

What does a typical nights sleep look like?

A

90 minute cycle:
- 4-5 periods of REM sleep (each about 30 minutes long)
-

17
Q

What are the effects of sleep deprivation as predicted by the Recuperation Theories?

A
  • Long periods of wakefulness will result in disturbances
  • disturbances will get worse as deprivation continues
  • after deprivation, much of the missed sleep will be regained
18
Q

What are two classic sleep deprivation case studies?

A
  1. Sleep Deprived Students

2. Randy Gardner

19
Q

What is the effect of 3-4 hours of deprivation in one night?

A
  • increased sleepines
  • Disturbances displayed on written tests of mood
  • Poor performance on tests of vigilance
  • slow reaction time
20
Q

What is the effect of 2-3 days of continuous deprivation

A
  • Experience microsleeps, naps of 2-3 seconds
  • difficulty updating plans and strategies
  • difficulty thinking outside the box (innovative, lateral insightful thinking)
21
Q

The Circadian Rhythm is a ______ hour cycle

A

25

22
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

Light-Dark environmental cues that entrain circadian rhythms

23
Q

What are free-running rhythms?

A

circadian rhythms in constant environments: no temporal cues (remove zeitgebers)

24
Q

What is internal desynchronization?

A

when sleep-wake and body temperature cycles break away from eachother

25
Q

Where in the brain is the circadian clock?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)

26
Q

What is Melnopsin?

A

Photochemical in ganglion cells that activate to gradual changes in light and transmit info from the retina to the rest of the brain

27
Q

What two areas of the hypothalamus are involved in sleep?

A 
posterior hypothalamus (wakefulness) and 
anterior hypothalamus (sleep)
28
Q

What are four pieces of evidence that the Reticular Activating System is involved in sleep?

A
  1. cats with midcollicular transection displayed pattern of continuous slow-wave sleep
  2. Lesions at midcollicular level that damaged core of reticular formation produged a corical EEG indicative of continuous slow-wave sleep
  3. Electrical stimulation of the pontine reticular formation desynchronized the cortical EEG and awakened cats
  4. Cats with transection of the caudal brain stem displayed a normal sleep-wake cycle
29
Q

What is REM sleep controlled by?

A

a variety of nuclei scattered throughout the caudal reticular formation

30
Q

What four parts of the brain are involved in sleep?

A

Anterior Hypothalamus: sleep
Posterior Hypothalamus: wakefulness
Reticular Activating System: maintaining wakefulness
Caudal Reticular Formation Nuclei: REM

31
Q

What are three classes of hypnotic drugs?

A
  1. Benzodiazepines
  2. Imidazopyridines
  3. 5-HTP
32
Q

What are three classes of antihypnotic drugs?

A
  1. cocaine-derived stimulants
  2. amphetamine-derived stimulants
  3. tricyclic antidepressants
33
Q

How do antihypnotic drugs promote wakefulness?

A

boost activity of catecholamines (epenephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) - by increasing their release into synapse, by blocking reuptake from synapses, or both

34
Q

Where is melatonin produced?

A

The pineal gland

35
Q

Define Chronobiotic

A

a substance that adjusts the timing of internal biological rhythms

*melatonin is chronobiotic

36
Q

Many cases of insomnia are iatrogenic, what does this mean?

A

Physician-created = because of sleeping pills prescribed by doctors
Leads to Drug-dependency insomnia

37
Q

What are six ways to get a good nights sleep?

A
  1. Avoid stressful activity before bedtime
  2. Sleep and wake-up at regular times
  3. Sleep in a cool room
  4. Avoid caffeine, taking naps or watching tv/internet before bed
  5. Sleep only when you’re tired
  6. Get out of bed if you can’t sleep and go back when you are tired
38
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A
  • briefly stop breathing during sleep

- CO2 in the blood stimulates chemoreceptors that causes the person to wake up gasping for air

39
Q

What is narcalepsy?

A

Sleep attack - overwhelming urge to sleep mostly durin gmonotonous boring tasks
-REM phenomena

Psychology 275 Brain and Behaviour (11 decks)

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