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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Sensory
      • senses changes within the body and environment
  • Motor
      • initiates muscle movements or glandular secretion
  • Integrative
      • interprets sensory info and decides the appropriate motor response.
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2
Q

What is the function of the afferent neurons?

A

Conducts impulses from sensory cells to central nervous system (CNS).

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3
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

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4
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Acts as phagocytotic cells.

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5
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Epithelial cells (often ciliated) that line the ventricles of the brain.

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6
Q

What do ependymal cells produce?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a myelin sheath.

A

Consists of many layers of phospholipid membrane that belongs to schwann cells.
–the sheath wraps around axons on the myelinated neurons.

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8
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Extensions of the cell body that transmit impulses to the cell body.

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9
Q

White Matter

A

Groupings of myelinated processes of many neurons

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10
Q

What does Grey Matter contain?

A

Contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia.

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11
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.

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12
Q

Resting Potential

A

The potential difference that exists across a nerve cell membrane when it is not conducting an impulse
– usually about -70 millivolts.

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13
Q

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Actively carries sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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14
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump powered by?

A

ATP

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15
Q

How does a neuron become depolarized?

A

The rapid influx of sodium ions through the nerve cell membrane causes depolarization.

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16
Q

Refractory Period

A

The period of time following an initial stimulus, during which a neuron cannot be stimulated to conduct a second impulse.

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17
Q

What is a threshold stimulus?

A

A stimulus that causes the membrane of a neuron to depolarize to a critical level (-55 mV) to generate an action potential?

18
Q

What is the advantage of saltatory conduction?

A

Its very fast and required less energy expenditure of the sodium-potassium pump.

19
Q

Why does the synaptic conduction of an impulse occur only in one direction?

A

Transmission must be unidirectional

  • because neurotransmitters are released only from presynaptic terminals, and
  • because only postsynaptic membranes have appropriate neurotransmitter receptors.
20
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released by a presynaptic neuron for the purpose of stimulating or inhibiting the postsynaptic neuron.

21
Q

What type of nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system part of?

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

22
Q

What neuroglia produces myelin in CNS?

A

Oligodenfrocyte

23
Q

What gated ion channel opens to a change in membrane potential?

A

Mechanical Pressure

24
Q

What are the most important factors that determine the speed of impulse propagation??

A
  • Fiber diameter

- Presence or absence of myelin sheath

25
Q

What doe the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves with sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) components
  • Ganglia
  • Sensory receptors
26
Q

What does the somatic nervous system (SNS) consist of?

A
  • Neurons that conduct impulses from cutaneous and special sense receptors to CNS
  • Motor neurons that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle tissue.
27
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consist of?

A
  • Sensory Neurons from visceral organs.

- Motor neurons that convey impulses from CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands.

28
Q

What does the enteric nervous system (ENS) consist of?

A

Neurons in the enteric plexuses that extend the length of gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

29
Q

What are subdivisions of PNS?

A
  1. Somatic (voluntary)
  2. Autonomic (involuntary)
  3. Enteric nervous systems
30
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

Conducts impulses from receptors or other neurons to cell body.

31
Q

What is the function of a axon?

A

Conducts nerve impulses:

  • from neuron to dendrite
  • to cell body of another neuron
  • to an effector organ of the body.
32
Q

What are the different types of neuroglia and their functions?

A
  1. Astrocyte = blood brain barrier
  2. Oligondendrocyte = support
  3. Microglia = phagocytosic
  4. Ependymal Cells = cerebrospinal fluid production
  5. Schwann Cells = myelin production
  6. Satellite cells = support
33
Q

What do voltage-gated ion channels respond to?

A

A direct change in membrane potential.

34
Q

What does ligand-gated ion channels respond to?

A

A specific chemical stimulus

35
Q

What do mechanically-gated ion channels respond to?

A

Mechanical vibration or pressure

36
Q

What is the typical value for the resting membrane potential?

A
  • 70 mV

- —meaning its polarized

37
Q

Action Potential (AP)

A

A sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential (depolarize).

38
Q

What can an action potential also be called?

A

An impluse

39
Q

What happens during the refractory period?

A
  • Another impulse cannot be generated
    (absolute refractory period) OR
  • Can be triggered only by a suprathreshold stimulus (relative refractory period)
40
Q

What do Action Potential do?

A

Conducts or propagates (travels) from point to point along the membrane.

41
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Traveling action potentials

42
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Enzymatic Degradation
  3. Uptake into cells (neurons and glia)

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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