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Anatomy and Physiology > 15CHAPTER 16: SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES > Flashcards

15CHAPTER 16: SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  1. smell,
  2. taste,
  3. vision
  4. hearing
  5. and equilibrium
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2
Q

What are the general senses?

A

Both somatic and visceral senses.

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3
Q

What do general senses provide?

A

Information about conditions within internal organs.

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4
Q

What is sensation?

A

a conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli.

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5
Q

What is perception?

A

the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.

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6
Q

On a microscopic level, what are sensory receptors?

A
  • free nerve endings,
  • encapsulated nerve ending at the dendrites of first-order sensory neurons,
  • or separate cells that synapse with first order sensory neurons.
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7
Q

On the basis of the type of stimulus detected, how are receptors classified?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors,
  2. Thermoreceptors,
  3. Nocieceptors,
  4. Photoreceptors,
  5. Chemoreceptors,
  6. and Osmorereceptors.
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8
Q

What are tactile sensations?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle.

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9
Q

What are tactile receptors?

A
  1. corpuscles of touch
  2. hair root plexuses
  3. type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
  4. lamellated corpuscles
  5. free nerve endings
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10
Q

What does Crude Touch refer to?

A

the ability to perceive that something has simply touched the skin.

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11
Q

What does Disciminative Touch refer to?

A

ability to recognize exactly what point of the body is touched.

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12
Q

What results from the stimulation of tactile receptors in the deeper tissues?

A

pressure sensation

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13
Q

What is pressure?

A

a sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch.

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14
Q

What receptors are for pressure?

A
  1. Type I mechanoreceptors and

2. Lamelleared (Pacinian) corpuscles.

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15
Q

What does vibration sensation result from?

A

rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors.

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16
Q

What receptors are for vibration sensation and what do they detect?

A
  1. corpuscles of touch
  2. lamellated corpuscles
    they detect low-frequency and high-frequency vibrations
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17
Q

What are the receptors for itch and tickle sensations?

A

free nerve endings

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18
Q

Why is pain a vital sensation?

A

it provides us with info about tissue damaging stimuli, and with signs that can be used for the diagnosis of disease or injury.

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19
Q

What are pain receptors?

A

(nociceptors) - free nerve endings in almost every body tissue.

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20
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A
  1. fast

2. slow

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21
Q

Where are the receptors located that convey nerve impulses related to muscle tone, movement of body parts, and body position?

A

Located in skeletal muscles, tendons, around joints, and in the internal ear.

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22
Q

What does Proprioceptive or Kinesthetic sense provide?

A

awareness of the activities of muscles, tendons, and joints, and
balance or equilibrium.

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23
Q

Where are the receptors for olfaction located?

A

nasal epithelium in the superior portion of the nasal cavity..

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24
Q

What do basal stem cells produce?

A

new olfactory receptors

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25
Q

Where do olfactory receptors convey nerve impulses to?

A
  1. olfactory nerves,
  2. olfactory bulbs,
  3. olfactory tracts,
  4. the cerebral Cortex,
  5. and the limbic system.
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26
Q

What are the different classes for taste stimuli?

A

sour, sweet, bitter, salty, and umami.

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27
Q

What are the receptors for gustation and where are they located?

A
  • Gustatory receptor cells

- located in taste buds.

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28
Q

What do taste buds consist of?

A
  1. supporting cells,
  2. gustatory receptor cells,
  3. and basal cells.
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29
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

in the papillae, which appear as elevations on the tongue.

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30
Q

What are the different classifications of papillae?

A

circumvallate, fungiform, or filiform

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31
Q

Receptor potentials developed in gustatory hairs cause the release of what?

A

Neurotransmitters, which give rise to nerve impulses.

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32
Q

What is the taste threshold?

A

Bitter being the lowest, then sour and finally salty and sweet.

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33
Q

Where do gustatory receptor cells convey impulses to?

A
  1. cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and S;
  2. the medulla
  3. the thalamus,
  4. and the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
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34
Q

What are the functions of the eyelid?

A
  1. shade the eyes during sleep,
  2. protect the eyes from excessive light and foreign objects
  3. and spread lubricating secretion over the eyeball.
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35
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

a thin mucous membrane that lines the inner aspect of the eyelids and is reflected onto the anterior surface of the eyeball.

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36
Q

The lacrimal apparatus consists of structures that do what?

A

produce and drain tears,

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37
Q

The eyeball is constructed of what three layers?

A
  1. Fibrous tunic (outer most),
  2. vascular tunic,
  3. and retina (inner most)
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38
Q

The fibrous tunic of the eyeball is divided into what two regions?

A

the posterior sclera and anterior cornea

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39
Q

What is sclera?

A

“white of eye’ -a white coat of dense fibrous tissue that covers the entire eyeball except iris (most anterior portion).

40
Q

What is the function of sclera?

A

it gives shape to the eyeball and protects its inner parts.

41
Q

What is the cornea and what is its function?

A

a nonvascular, transparent, fibrous coat through which the iris can be seen.
function= reflects light

42
Q

the vascular tunic of the eyeball is composed of what 3 parts?

A
  1. choroid
  2. ciliary body
  3. iris
43
Q

What does the choroid do?

A

absorbs light rays so that they are not reflected and scattered within the eyeball.
and
provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the retina.

44
Q

What ciliary body consists of what 2 parts>

A

ciliary processes and ciliary muscle.

45
Q

What does the ciliary processes consist of?

A

protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body where epithelial cells secrete aqueous humor.

46
Q

What is the ciliary muscle?

A

a smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near or far vision.

47
Q

What is the iris? what does it include?

A

the colored portions seen through the cornea.
includes circular iris and radial iris smooth muscle fibres (cells) that are arranged to form a doughnut-shaped structure.

48
Q

What is the principal function of the iris?

A

to regulate the amount of light entering the posterior cavity of the eyeball.

49
Q

Where does the beginning of the visual pathway start?

A

retina

50
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

the site where the optic nerve enters the eyeball.

51
Q

The retina consists of what 2 layers?

A
  1. a pigmented layer (nonvisual portion)

2. a neural layer (visual portion)

52
Q

The pigment layer of the retina aids the choroid to do what?

A

absorb stray light rays.

53
Q

The neural portion of the retina contains 3 zones of neurons that are names in the order in which they conduct nerve impulses. What are they called?

A
  1. photoreceptor layer
  2. bipolar cell layer
  3. ganglion cell layer
54
Q

Where is the lens located?

A

behind the pupil and retina

55
Q

What are photoreceptor layers called?

A

cones and rods

56
Q

What do rods do?

A
  • specialized for black-and-white in dim lighting
  • enable discrimination between different shades of dark and light
  • permit us to see shapes and movement
57
Q

What do cones do?

A

-specialized for color vision and sharpness of vision (high visual acuity) in bright light

58
Q

Where are cones most densely concentrated?

A

in the central fovea,

a small depression in the center of the macula lutea.

59
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina.

-corresponds to the visual axis of the eye.

60
Q

How come the fovea is the area of sharpest vision?

A

because of its high concentration of cones.

61
Q

Where are rods most densely concentrated?

A

the periphery of the retina.

62
Q

Why do we have a blind spot?

A

the optic disc does not contain rods or cone, therefore when light strikes this area of the eye, an image is not formed.

63
Q

The interior of the eyeball is a large space divided into what 2 parts?

A
  1. Anterior cavity

2. Vitreous chamber.

64
Q

The anterior cavity is subdivided into the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber. Where do these chamber lie?

A

Anterior chamber - lies behind the corner and in front of the iris.
Posterior chamber - lies behind the iris and in front of the suspensory ligaments and lens.

65
Q

What is the water fluid called that fills the anterior cavity of the eyeball?

A

aqueous humor.

66
Q

What are the ciliary processes behind the iris continually secreting?

A

Aqueous humor

67
Q

The aqueous humor is mainly responsible for producing what?

A

pressure in the eye called the Intraocular pressure.

68
Q

the Intraocular pressure and the vitreous body do what together?

A

maintain the shape of the eyeball and keep the retina smoothly applied to the choroid to produce clear images.

69
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Excessive intraocular pressure,

causes a degeneration of the retina and blindness.

70
Q

What is the gel called found inside the vitreous chamber (posterior cavity)?

A

vitreous body.

which is formed during embryonic life and is not replaced thereafter

71
Q

Image formation on the retina involves what?

A
  • refraction of light rays by the cornea and lens,
  • accommodation of the lens, and
  • constriction of the pupil.
72
Q

What is refraction?

A

the bending of light rays at the interface of two different media.

73
Q

What is accommodation and how is it initiated?

A

an increase in the curvature of the lens,

initiated by ciliary muscle contraction that allows the lens to focus on near objects.

74
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

the inability to read print at close range.

75
Q

What is myopia?

A

nearsightedness

76
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

farsightedness

77
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

a refraction abnormality due to an irregular curvature of either the cornea or lens.

78
Q

The constriction of the pupil narrows the diameter of the hole through which light enters the eye. This process occurs simultaneously with what and what does it function to prevent?

A
  • the accommodation of the lens.

- functions to prevent light rays from entering the eye through the periphery on the lens.

79
Q

When does convergence occur?

A

when both eyes focus on a single object.

80
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A

transduces fluid motion into action potentials

81
Q

What does the inner ear house?

A

The bony labyrinth (tunnels within temporal bone)

82
Q

What is the bony labyrinth lines with?

A

Fleshy tubes called membranous labyrinth filled with fluid

83
Q

What are the subdivisions of the bony labyrinth?

A

vestibule (equilibrium), 3 semicircular canals (equilibrium), and cochlea (hearing)

84
Q

What is the function of the cochlea?

A

converts physical vibrations of sound waves into electrical impulses

85
Q

What are the three fluid-filled tubes separated by membranes within the cochlea and how are they arranged?

A

Superior tube = vestibular duct
Middle tube = cochlear duct
Inferior tube = tympanic duct
Coiled like a snail

86
Q

What is the basilar membrane of the cochlea separate?

A

separates cochlear duct from inferior tube

87
Q

What is the tectorial membrane of the cochlea separate?

A

separates cochlear duct from superior duct

88
Q

Where is the spiral organ located?

A

located within the cochlear duct on top of basilar membrane

89
Q

Where are the hair cells in the spiral organ?

A

The location of auditory receptors

90
Q

What occurs due to the stiff microvilli (stereocilia) of the hair cells of the spiral organ?

A

ion channels open and depolarization occurs

91
Q

When the basilair membrane moves up and down, what happens?

A

hair cells press against tectorial membrane and bend – triggering an action potential

92
Q

What does the inner hair cells do?

A

Most of the ‘hearing’

93
Q

What does the outer hair cells do?

A

The fine tuning

94
Q

What does the loudness of a sound depend on?

A

Depends on number of hair cells that are stimulated

95
Q

What do high and low pitches depend on?

A

which hair cells are stimulated

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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