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Anatomy and Physiology > 15Chapter 2: Introduction to Chemistry > Flashcards

15Chapter 2: Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

All living and non-living things consist of _______.

A

Matter

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2
Q

List the 4 elements that make up about 96% of our body weight.

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Oxygen
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3
Q

What elements are S, Na, Mg, and Fe?

A

Sulfur
Sodium
Magnesium
Iron

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4
Q

What are the symbols for Potassium, Chlorine, Hydrogen?

A

K, Cl, H, C

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5
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that differ slightly in mass.

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6
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

An isotope that is unstable and emits radiation (energy) as it breaks down.

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7
Q

Electrolyte

A

An ionic compound (salt, acid, or base) that beaks apart into cations and anions when dissolved.
– conducts electric current.

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8
Q

What kind of charges are carried by cations and anions?

A 
Cation= positive charge 
Anion= negative charge
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9
Q

Ionic bond *give example

A

Positively charged ions that are attracted to one another (weak bond)
example= sodium chloride (table salt)

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10
Q

Covalent Bond *give example

A

When atoms form a molecule by sharing one, two, or three pairs of their outer shell electrons
example: hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), methane (CH4), and water(H2O)

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11
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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12
Q

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in their number of __________.

A

Neutrons

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13
Q

Which element is needed for clotting and muscle contraction, and contributes to the hardness of teeth and bone?

A

calcium

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14
Q

What type of bonds hold water molecules together?

A

covalent bonds

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15
Q

The more _______ ions present in a solution, the more basic the solution.

A

Hydrogen

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16
Q

An acid is a substance that dissociates in H2O into one or more _______ ions and one or more _______.

A

Hydrogen / anions

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17
Q

Organic compounds always contain?

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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18
Q

The most plentiful lipid in the human body is ________.

A

Triglyceride

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19
Q

“Saturated fat” is saturated with what?

A

Hydrogen

20
Q

Steroids are classifies as ______.

A

Lipids

21
Q

In RNA, the base that is present instead of thymine is ________.

A

Uracil

22
Q

ATP belongs to the category of compounds known as what?

A

Nucleic Acids

23
Q

How is ATP the “energy currency” of the cell?

A

ATP releases energy stored in its 2 high-energy phosphate bonds.

24
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA chemically and physically?

A 
Chemically:
RNA nucleotides are made up of the sugar ribose,
DNA nucleotides are made up of deoxyribose.
Physically:
RNA is single-stranded,
DNA is double-stranded.
RNA uses uracil while 
DNA uses thymine.
25
Q

Structure of DNA

A

DNA is a large molecule consisting of two helically wound chains of nucleotides.
The two chains are held together by hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous base pairs
-Adenine and thymine (A,T)
-Cytosin and granine (C,G)

26
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids.

Made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

27
Q

What is the function of an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that have specufic “active” binding rates for certain substrates. Enzymes low energy of activation so that reactions in cell can occur at appropriate rate.

28
Q

What are the 4 chemical groups of an amino acid?

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. an amine
  3. a carboxyl
  4. a side chain (R group)
29
Q

What are the 3 important types of lipid and their functions?

A
  1. Triglycerides - energy storage
  2. Phospholipids - membrane structure
  3. Steroids - hormone membrane structure
30
Q

Lipids

A

Include most of the substances that are insoluble in H2O but soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or ether.

31
Q

Monosaccharides *give example

A

Simple sugars made up of C, H, and O.

examples= glucose, fructose, and deoxyribose

32
Q

Buffer

A

Combination of chemicals that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when acids and bases are added.

33
Q

pH

A

A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

34
Q

Salt *when added to water

A

When put into water, a salt is a substance that dissociates into cations and anions neither of which is (H+) or (OH-)
example = sodium chloride

35
Q

Base *when added to water

A

When put into water, a base is a substance that dissociates into hydroxide (OH-) ions and one or more cations.
Also can be descrided as having the capacity to pick up one or more hydrogen (H+) ions.

36
Q

Acid *when added to water

A

When put into water, an acid is a substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions and one or more anions.

37
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Extremely weak bonds between 2 atoms
- important for giving proteins and enzymes their 3-dimensional shapes, bonding specialized molecules such as hormones and receptors, and for binding enzymes to substrates.

38
Q

A substance that ____ is considered to be a chemical compound.

A

Has covalent bonds

39
Q

When is a ionic bond formed?

A

two cations meet

40
Q

The ionization of a sodium atom to produce Na+ is an example of what?

A

anabolism

41
Q

A substance capable of dissolving freely in water is _____.

A

amphipathic

42
Q

How is a carboxyl group symbolized?

A

-COOH

43
Q

What is that only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body?

A

glycogen

44
Q

What it the arrangement of a polypeptide into a fibrous or globular shape called?

A

tertiary structure

45
Q

The feature that most distinguishes a lipid from a carbohydrate is that a lipid has _____________.

A

a lower ratio of oxygen to hydrogen

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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