chapter 9: muscles and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is found…

A

in organs that attach and cover the skeleton

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2
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  • have striations
  • voluntary muscle
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3
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscles

A
  • has striations
  • involuntary muscle
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4
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • found in walls of hollow visceral organs
  • non-striated
  • involuntary muscle
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5
Q

what muscle is found in walls of hollow visceral organs

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

characteristics of muscle tissue (4)

A
  • excitability
  • contractibility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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7
Q

muscle functions (4)

A
  • produce movement
  • maintain posture and position
  • stabilize joints
  • generate heat
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8
Q

skeletal muscle is made of … (4)

A
  • muscle fibers
  • nerves
  • blood vessels
  • connective tissues
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9
Q

what is epimysium

A
  • outside the muscle
  • dense irregular
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10
Q

what is perimysium

A
  • dense irregular
  • covers fascicles
  • made of collagen and elastin
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11
Q

what is fascicle

A

grouped muscle fibers that resemble bundles of sticks

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12
Q

what is endomysium

A
  • within the muscle
  • wispy sheath of fine areolar connective tissue
  • divides each muscle fiber
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13
Q

what is insertion

A

the moveable bone

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14
Q

what is origin

A

the less or immovable bone

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15
Q

2 types of muscle insertions

A
  • direct/ fleshy
  • indirect
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16
Q

function of tendon/ aponeurosis

A

anchors muscle to the connective tissue covering of skeletal element or to fascia of other muscle

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17
Q

what is the contractile unit of the muscle

A

sarcomere

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18
Q

plasma membrane of the muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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19
Q

cytoplasm of muscle cell

A

sarcoplasm

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20
Q

granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during muscle cell activity for ATP production

A

glycosomes

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21
Q

red pigment that stores oxygen

A

myoglobin

22
Q

myofibrils are

A

make up a single muscle fiber, rod shaped

23
Q

myofibrils are made of…

A

sarcomeres

24
Q

sarcomeres contain…

A

myofilaments

25
Q

dark striation

A

A band

26
Q

light striation

A

I band

27
Q

lighter region of A band

A

H zone

28
Q

describe sarcomere

A

smallest contractile unit of muscle fiber

29
Q

2 types of myofilaments

A
  • myosin
  • actin
30
Q

thick filaments contain …

A

myosin (red)

31
Q

thin filaments contain …

A

actin (blue)

32
Q

function of tropomyosin

A

rod shaped protein that spirals about the actin core and help stiffen and stabilize

33
Q

function of troponin

A

globular protein, calcium-regulatory protein

34
Q

what is dystrophin

A

links thin filaments to integral proteins of sarcolemma

35
Q

events at neuromuscular junction (4)

A
  • motor using fires action potential (AP) down axon
  • Ach is release by neuron axon terminal into synaptic cleft
  • ACh binds receptors on junctional folds of sarcolemma
  • Ach binding causes depolarization called EEP
36
Q

what happens in muscle fiber excitation

A

EEP triggers an AP

37
Q

what happens in excitation-contraction coupling

A
  • Ap in sarcolemma travels down T tubes
  • SR releases Ca^2+
  • Ca^2+ binds to troponin, myosin heads bind actin
38
Q

what happens in cross bridge cycle

A

contraction occurs via cross bridge cycling

39
Q

what is a myogram

A

recording of contractile activity consisting of one or more recorded lines called tracings

40
Q

3 distinct phases of myogram

A
  • latent period
  • period of contraction
  • period of relaxation
41
Q

what is the latent period

A

first few milliseconds following stimulation when excitation-contraction coupling is occurring

42
Q

what happens during wave summation

A

contractions become stronger due to stimulation before complete relaxation occurs

43
Q

stimuli that produce no observable contractions are called

A

threshold stimulus

44
Q

what do you call the strongest stimulus that increases contractile force

A

maximal stimulus

45
Q

first observable contraction is called…

A

threshold stimulus

46
Q

tetanus

A

smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation

47
Q

isotonic vs isometric contraction

A

isotonic- muscle develops tension to lift the load, muscle shortens and remains constant
isometric- muscle reaches peak tension developing capability but does not shorten

48
Q

2 types of isotonic contractions

A

concentric- muscle shortens and does work
eccentric- muscle generates force as it lengthens

49
Q

differentiate aerobic and resistance exercise

A

aerobic- stamina, causes dramatic change in slow, oxidative fibers
resistance- strength

50
Q

define muscle twitch

A

response of a muscle to a single stimulation