chapter 8: joints Flashcards
what are 3 types of joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
3 functional classifications of joints
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
describe synarthroses
immovable joints
describe amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints
describe diarthroses
freely moveable joints
freely moveable joints predominate the … skeleton
appendicular
immoveable and slightly moveable joints are largely restricted to … skeleton
axial
fibrous joints are …
immovable
synovial joints are …
freely moveable
3 types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses
describe fibrous joints
- joined by collagen fibers of connective tissues
- no joint cavity present
- movement depends on length of connective tissue fibers
- mostly immovable, some are moveable
describe sutures
- occur between bones of skull
- filled by minimal amount if very short connective tissue
during middle age, fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse as 1. the closed sutures are called …
synostoses (bony junctions)
describe syndesmoses
- bones are connected by ligaments (cords/bands of fibrous tissue)
- movement depends on length of connecting fibers
describe gomphoses
- peg in socket fibrous joint
- tooth on bony alveolar tissue
- peridontal ligament holds tooth in place
describe cartilaginous joints
- articulating bones are united by cartilage
- lack joint cavity
- not highly moveable
2 types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
symphysis
describe synchondroses
- bones united by hyaline cartilage
- synarthrotic (immovable)
example of synchondroses
epiphyseal plates in children
- they are temporary joints and eventually become synostoses
describe symphyses
- bones united by fibrocartilage
- allows minimal movement at the joint
- hyaline cartilage present at the articular cartilages
- amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
example of symphyses
- intervertebral joints
- pubic symphysis of pelvis
what is a synovial joint
articulating bones that are separated by a fluid- containing joint cavity
all synovial joints are …
freely moveable diarthroses
general structure of synovial joints (6)
- articular cartilage
- joint (articular) cavity
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- reinforcing ligaments
- nerves and blood vessels
explain articular cartilage of synovial joints
- glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the articular cartilage
- keep bone ends from being crushed
explain joint (articular) joints of synovial joints
- unique to synovial joints
- has small amount of synovial fluid
- it is a potential space, explants when fluid accumulates
explain articular capsule of synovial joint
- encloses joint cavity
- has tough external fibrous layer made of dense irregular
- inner layer of loose connective, covers internal joints surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage
explain synovial fluid of synovial joint
- occupies all free speace withing the joint capsules
- fluid is derived from filtration of blood flow through capillaries
- provides slippery, weight bearing film the reduces friction between cartilage
what is weeping lubrication
synovial fluid comes out when cartilage is compressed, then fluid seeps back into cartilage when joint is relieved
explain reinforcing ligaments of synovial joints
- mostly capsular ligaments: thickened part of fibrous layer
- extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments
explain nerves and blood vessels of synovial joints
- detects pain
fatty pads of synovial joints are found in..
hip and knee joints
function of articular discs, or menisci
- partially or completely divides the synovial cavity in two
- improves the fit between articulating bone ends
what is bursae and where do they occur
- flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
- where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
what is tendon sheath
- elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction
- common where tendons are crowded together within crowded narrow canals (like wrist)
3 factors influencing stability of synovial cavities
- shapes of articular surfaces
- number and position of ligaments
- muscle tone
movements allowed by synovial joints
the muscles origin is attached to the … …
immovable bone
the insertion is attached to the .. …
moveable bones
3 ranges of motion
- non axial (gliding only)
- biaxial (movement in 2 planes)
- multiaxial (in or around all 3 planes)
6 categories of synovial joints
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket
5 examples of the diversity of synovial joints
- temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- shoulder (gleanohumeral) joint
- elbow joint
- hip joint
- knee joint
3 common joint injuries
- cartilage tears
- sprains
- dislocations
when do cartilage tears occur and how to treat
- meniscus is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time
- recommend damaged cartilage to be remove dby arthroscopic surgery
when do sprains happen, common sites and how to treat
- when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
- common sites: ankle, knee, lumbar region
- torn ends can be sewn together, replace with grafts, time and immobilization
when do dislocations occur, common sites, how to treat
- when bones are forced out of alignment
- accompanied by sprain, inflammation and difficulty moving joint
- common sites: jaw, shoulders, fingers, thumbs
- bone must be put back, reduced, by physician
what is sublexion
partial dislocation
list 6 inflammation conditions that affect joints
- bursitis and tendonitis
- arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- gouty arthritis
- lyme disease
bursitis is caused by… and can be treated by
- falling on knee or prolonged leaning on elbow
- injecting anti inflammatory drugs into bursa
- removing fluid by needle aspiration
explain tendonitis
-inflammation of tendon sheaths
- caused by overuse
- treated by rest, ice, anti- inflammatory drugs
explain arthritis, symptoms, treated by
- inflammatory or degenerative diseases tgat damage the joints
- pain, stiffness, swelling of joint
- antibiotics
explain osteosarthritis, what happens, how to treat
- most common, wear and tear arthritis
- bone tissue thickens and forms bony spurs that enlarge bone ends and restrict movement
- causes crepitus, crunching noise while moving
- aspirin or acetaminophen
explain rheumatoid arthritis, common sites
- chronic inflammatory disorder
- joint tenderness and stiffness
- fingers, wrists, ankles, feet
explain gouty arthritis, how to treat
- when blood levels of uric acid rise excessivly
- articulating bone fuses and immobilize the joint
- drink plenty water and avoid alcohol
explain lyme disease
- bite from tick that live on mice and deer
- pain in the knees
- skin rash, foggy brain, flu like symptoms
