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anatomy and physiology > chapter 8: joints > Flashcards

chapter 8: joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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2
Q

3 functional classifications of joints

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

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3
Q

describe synarthroses

A

immovable joints

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4
Q

describe amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joints

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5
Q

describe diarthroses

A

freely moveable joints

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6
Q

freely moveable joints predominate the … skeleton

A

appendicular

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7
Q

immoveable and slightly moveable joints are largely restricted to … skeleton

A

axial

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8
Q

fibrous joints are …

A

immovable

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9
Q

synovial joints are …

A

freely moveable

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10
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

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11
Q

describe fibrous joints

A
  • joined by collagen fibers of connective tissues
  • no joint cavity present
  • movement depends on length of connective tissue fibers
  • mostly immovable, some are moveable
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12
Q

describe sutures

A
  • occur between bones of skull
  • filled by minimal amount if very short connective tissue
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13
Q

during middle age, fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse as 1. the closed sutures are called …

A

synostoses (bony junctions)

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14
Q

describe syndesmoses

A
  • bones are connected by ligaments (cords/bands of fibrous tissue)
  • movement depends on length of connecting fibers
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15
Q

describe gomphoses

A
  • peg in socket fibrous joint
  • tooth on bony alveolar tissue
  • peridontal ligament holds tooth in place
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16
Q

describe cartilaginous joints

A
  • articulating bones are united by cartilage
  • lack joint cavity
  • not highly moveable
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17
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses
symphysis

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18
Q

describe synchondroses

A
  • bones united by hyaline cartilage
  • synarthrotic (immovable)
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19
Q

example of synchondroses

A

epiphyseal plates in children
- they are temporary joints and eventually become synostoses

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20
Q

describe symphyses

A
  • bones united by fibrocartilage
  • allows minimal movement at the joint
  • hyaline cartilage present at the articular cartilages
  • amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
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21
Q

example of symphyses

A
  • intervertebral joints
  • pubic symphysis of pelvis
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22
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

articulating bones that are separated by a fluid- containing joint cavity

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23
Q

all synovial joints are …

A

freely moveable diarthroses

24
Q

general structure of synovial joints (6)

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint (articular) cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • reinforcing ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels
25
Q

explain articular cartilage of synovial joints

A
  • glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the articular cartilage
  • keep bone ends from being crushed
26
Q

explain joint (articular) joints of synovial joints

A
  • unique to synovial joints
  • has small amount of synovial fluid
  • it is a potential space, explants when fluid accumulates
27
Q

explain articular capsule of synovial joint

A
  • encloses joint cavity
  • has tough external fibrous layer made of dense irregular
  • inner layer of loose connective, covers internal joints surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage
28
Q

explain synovial fluid of synovial joint

A
  • occupies all free speace withing the joint capsules
  • fluid is derived from filtration of blood flow through capillaries
  • provides slippery, weight bearing film the reduces friction between cartilage
29
Q

what is weeping lubrication

A

synovial fluid comes out when cartilage is compressed, then fluid seeps back into cartilage when joint is relieved

30
Q

explain reinforcing ligaments of synovial joints

A
  • mostly capsular ligaments: thickened part of fibrous layer
  • extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments
31
Q

explain nerves and blood vessels of synovial joints

A
  • detects pain
32
Q

fatty pads of synovial joints are found in..

A

hip and knee joints

33
Q

function of articular discs, or menisci

A
  • partially or completely divides the synovial cavity in two
  • improves the fit between articulating bone ends
34
Q

what is bursae and where do they occur

A
  • flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
  • where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
35
Q

what is tendon sheath

A
  • elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction
  • common where tendons are crowded together within crowded narrow canals (like wrist)
36
Q

3 factors influencing stability of synovial cavities

A
  • shapes of articular surfaces
  • number and position of ligaments
  • muscle tone
37
Q

movements allowed by synovial joints

A
38
Q

the muscles origin is attached to the … …

A

immovable bone

39
Q

the insertion is attached to the .. …

A

moveable bones

40
Q

3 ranges of motion

A
  • non axial (gliding only)
  • biaxial (movement in 2 planes)
  • multiaxial (in or around all 3 planes)
41
Q

6 categories of synovial joints

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condylar
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
42
Q

5 examples of the diversity of synovial joints

A
  • temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
  • shoulder (gleanohumeral) joint
  • elbow joint
  • hip joint
  • knee joint
43
Q

3 common joint injuries

A
  • cartilage tears
  • sprains
  • dislocations
44
Q

when do cartilage tears occur and how to treat

A
  • meniscus is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time
  • recommend damaged cartilage to be remove dby arthroscopic surgery
45
Q

when do sprains happen, common sites and how to treat

A
  • when ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
  • common sites: ankle, knee, lumbar region
  • torn ends can be sewn together, replace with grafts, time and immobilization
46
Q

when do dislocations occur, common sites, how to treat

A
  • when bones are forced out of alignment
  • accompanied by sprain, inflammation and difficulty moving joint
  • common sites: jaw, shoulders, fingers, thumbs
  • bone must be put back, reduced, by physician
47
Q

what is sublexion

A

partial dislocation

48
Q

list 6 inflammation conditions that affect joints

A
  • bursitis and tendonitis
  • arthritis
  • osteoarthritis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • gouty arthritis
  • lyme disease
49
Q

bursitis is caused by… and can be treated by

A
  • falling on knee or prolonged leaning on elbow
  • injecting anti inflammatory drugs into bursa
  • removing fluid by needle aspiration
50
Q

explain tendonitis

A

-inflammation of tendon sheaths
- caused by overuse
- treated by rest, ice, anti- inflammatory drugs

51
Q

explain arthritis, symptoms, treated by

A
  • inflammatory or degenerative diseases tgat damage the joints
  • pain, stiffness, swelling of joint
  • antibiotics
52
Q

explain osteosarthritis, what happens, how to treat

A
  • most common, wear and tear arthritis
  • bone tissue thickens and forms bony spurs that enlarge bone ends and restrict movement
  • causes crepitus, crunching noise while moving
  • aspirin or acetaminophen
53
Q

explain rheumatoid arthritis, common sites

A
  • chronic inflammatory disorder
  • joint tenderness and stiffness
  • fingers, wrists, ankles, feet
54
Q

explain gouty arthritis, how to treat

A
  • when blood levels of uric acid rise excessivly
  • articulating bone fuses and immobilize the joint
  • drink plenty water and avoid alcohol
55
Q

explain lyme disease

A
  • bite from tick that live on mice and deer
  • pain in the knees
  • skin rash, foggy brain, flu like symptoms

anatomy and physiology (22 decks)

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