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anatomy and physiology > chapter 6: bones and skeletal tissues > Flashcards

chapter 6: bones and skeletal tissues Flashcards

1
Q

name the cartilages (3) that form the skeleton

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

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2
Q

explain hyaline cartilage
(5 pts)

A

-look like frosted glass
-provide support with flexibility and resilience
- most abundant
-chondrocytes are spherical
- only has fine collagen fibers

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3
Q

what are the 4 kinds of hyaline cartilage

A

articular
coastal
respiratory
nasal

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4
Q

which cartilage covers ends of most moveable joints

A

articular cartilages
artic = joint, pt of connection

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5
Q

which cartilage connect ribs to sternum

A

coastal cartilages

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6
Q

which cartilages are for the skeleton of larynx and reinforce respiratory passageways

A

respiratory cartilages

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7
Q

what is the function of nasal cartilages

A

support the external nose

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8
Q

most abundant cartilage

A

articular

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9
Q

eeelastic cartilages
(3 pts)

A
  • resemble hyaline
  • contain stretchy fibers and are better to stand up to repeated bending
  • external ear and epiglottis
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10
Q

what is epiglottis

A

flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow

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11
Q

which is the most compressible cartilage with tenisle strength

A

fibrocartilage

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12
Q

briefly describe fibrocartilage (2)

A
  • have roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers
  • in sites subjected to pressure and stretch*
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13
Q

which cartilage has chondrocytes that are spherical

A

articular

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14
Q

name 2 types of growths of cartilage

A

appositional and intersitial

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15
Q

describe appositional growth

A
  • bone remodeling
  • chondroblast secrete new matrix against external face of existing cartilage tissue
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16
Q

describe interstitial growth

A
  • miotic division of chondrocytes secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage within
  • growth ends at adolescence
  • bone growth
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17
Q

functions of the bone (7)

A

anchorage
support
mineral storage
triglyceride storage
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
protection
hormone production

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18
Q

term for blood formation

A

hematopoiesis

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19
Q

what hormone does bone produce and why (3)

A

osteocalcin

to regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure

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20
Q

what do bones protect (3)

A
  • skull protects brain
  • vertebrae protects spinal cord
  • rib cage protects vital organs or thorax
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21
Q

how are bones divided (2)

A

axial (skull vertebral column and rib cage)
appendicular ( upper lower limbs, girdles that attach the limbs)

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22
Q

what are 4 types of bone shapes

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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23
Q

describe long bones (4)

A
  • longer than wide
  • has shaft and 2 ends
  • all limb bones are long bones except patella, wrist and ankle bones
  • based on shape rather than size
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24
Q

describe short bones

A
  • roughly cube shaped
  • wrist and ankle bones
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25
Q

what specific short bone forms tendons and what do they do

A

sesamoid bones
reduce friction and modify pressure

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26
Q

describe flat bones

A
  • thin, flattened, a bit curved
  • sternum, scapulae, ribs and most cranial bones
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27
Q

sternum, scapulae, ribs and most cranial bones are examples of

A

flat bone

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28
Q

describe irregular bones
give 2 examples

A
  • complicated shapes
  • vertebrae and hip bones
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29
Q

wrist and ankle bones are considered….

A

short bones

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30
Q

the three bones in your finger are considered …

A

long bones

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31
Q

bones contain … in their nerves

A

nervous tissue

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32
Q

bones have … tissue covering their external surface

A

dense connective

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33
Q

bones have …. and … tissues in blood vessels

A

muscle and epithelial

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34
Q

three levels to consider bone structure

A

gross, microscopic, chemical

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35
Q

what is the dense outer layer of bones that look smooth and solid

A

compact bone

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36
Q

internal to compact bone

A

spongy bone

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37
Q

another term for spongy bone

A

trabecular bone

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38
Q

trabeculae

A

honeycomb of small needle-like flat pieces that make up spongy bone

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39
Q

what is diaphysis

A

forms long axis of bone (shaft)

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40
Q

what is epiphyses

A

bone ends

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41
Q

medullary cavity

A
  • marrow cavity
  • has yellow marrow
  • contains no bone tissue
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42
Q

the epiphyseal plate is

A

aka growth plate

disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone *

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43
Q

what is the line between epiphysis and diaphysis

A

epiphyseal line

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44
Q

what is the flared portion of the bone where the epiphyseal and diaphysis meet

A

metaphysis

meta=between

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45
Q

what is periosteum

A
  • glistening white double layer membrane, covers external surface of entire bone, except joint surfaces
  • richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels
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46
Q

osteogenic layer contains….

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
    (stem cells that give rise to most bone cells)
  • osteoclast and osteoblasts
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47
Q

the outer fibrous layer of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum has … tissue

A

dense irregular connective

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48
Q

describe endosteum
(means within the bone)

A
  • covers internal bone surfaces
  • covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass thru compact bone*
49
Q

what are the 2 main vessels serving the diaphysis

A

nutrient artery and nutrient vein

50
Q

where do the 2 main vessels of the diaphysis run through (3)

A
  • through nutrient foramen*
  • runs inward to supply bone marrow and spongy bone
  • runs outward to supply epiphyseal arteries and veins
51
Q

hematopoiesis tissue is aka

A
  • red marrow*
  • found in different places in adults and infants
52
Q

where is the red marrow found in infants

A

medullary cavity of diaphysis and all spongy bone area

53
Q

where is red marrow found in adults

A
  • most red marrow have been replaced by yellow marrow, little red marrow is found in spongy bone*
  • flat bones of skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and hip bones
  • head of femur and humerus
54
Q

what happens to yellow marrow when a person is anemic

A

reverts to red marrow

55
Q

external surface of bone has …. that provide info about how the bone is attached to muscles and ligaments

A

bone markings

56
Q

what are the 3 categories of bone markings

A
  • projections
  • surfaces
  • depressions and openings
57
Q

what are bone projection markings

A

sites of muscles and ligament attachment

58
Q

function of bone surface markings

A

form joints

59
Q

what are bone depression and opening markings

A

for blood vessels and nerves

60
Q

name the types of bone projections (8)

A

crest
epicondyle
line
process
spine
tuberosity
trochanter
tubercle

61
Q

name the types of bone surface markings (4)

A

head
facet
condyle
ramus

62
Q

name the types of bone depressions and openings (4 main, 3 other)

A

main
- groove
- fissure
- foramen
- notch

other
- meatus
- sinus
- fossa

63
Q

name the five major cell types of bone tissue

A

osteoproginator
osteoblast
osteocytes
bone lining cells
osteoclasts

all except osteoclast originate from embryonic tissue

64
Q

bones are continuously breaking down (resorb) and depositng bone in a process called …

A

remodeling

65
Q

describe osteoproginator cells (5)

A
  • aka osteogenic cells
  • mitotically active stem cells*
  • found in periosteum and endosteum
  • are flattened/ squamous in growing bones
  • become osteoblasts when stimulated*
66
Q

describe osteoblasts (4)

A
  • bone forming cells that secrete matrix*
  • actively mitotic
  • cube shaped
  • resemble osteoproginator cells when inactive
67
Q

what happens to osteoblast when they are completely surrounded by matrix

A

they become osteoclasts

68
Q

what is in the unmineralized matrix osteoblasts secrete

A

collagen, calcium binding protein

69
Q

what is an unmineralized bone called

A

osteoid

70
Q

describe osteocytes (4)

A
  • mature bone cells that occupy lacunae (space)
  • monitor and maintain bone matrix
  • have sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli
  • communicates with osteoblast/clast so bone can be made or degraded*
71
Q

describe bone lining cells

A
  • flat cells found on bone surfaces where remodeling is going on
  • help maintain matrix*
72
Q

which bone cell has sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli that communicate information to osteoblast and osteoclast so bone can be built or degraded

A

osteocytes

73
Q

describe osteoclast (5)

A
  • giant multinucleate
  • located at sites of bone resorption*
  • break down bone *
  • they lie in a depression they carved out
  • have distinctive ruffled boarder
74
Q

what is the structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon*
aka Haversian system

75
Q

what is a lamella

A

a (matrix) tube within the osteon

76
Q

what is a central canal (2)

A
  • aka haversian canal
  • contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve osteon cells *
77
Q

what are perforating canals (3)

A
  • volkmans canals
  • lie horizontally in compact bone, connect bloods and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals *
  • lined with endosteum
78
Q

spider shaped osteocytes occupy ….

A

lacunae

79
Q

what are hair like canals that radiate from lacunae, connecting them to each other and to central canal called

A

canaliculi

80
Q

what are the functions of canaliculi

A
  • tie all the osteocytes in osteon together
  • allows them to communicate and lets nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next*
81
Q

describe interstitial osteons (3)

A
  • lie between intact osteons
  • are incomplete lamellae
  • fill in gaps or are remnants of osteons that have been remodeled *
82
Q

describe circumferential lamellae (2)

A
  • just deep to periosteum and just superficial to endosteum
  • resists twisting of long bone *
  • extends entirely around the diaphysis
83
Q

what are the organic components of bone (4)

A

-the 5 bone cells
- osteoid
- organic part of matrix
- collagen

84
Q

what are the inorganic compounds of the bone (2)

A
  • inorganic hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)
  • calcium phosphates
85
Q

what are the 2 names for the process of bone formation

A

ossification
osteogenesis

86
Q

what are the 2 types of ossification

A

endochondrial
intramembranous

87
Q

describe endochondiral ossification (2)

A
  • bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage*
  • results in endochondrial bone
88
Q

describe intramembranous ossification

A
  • develops from a fibrous membrane and bone *
  • results in membranous bone
89
Q

define osteomalacia (3)

A
  • soft bone*
  • poorly mineralized
  • calcium salts are not adequately deposited
90
Q

what is pagets disease

A
  • excessive bone deposit and resorption
  • results in paget bone, where there is a higher ratio of spongey bone to compact bone *
91
Q

what area’s are most common for pagets

A

spine
pelvis
femur
skull

92
Q

what is the disease where resorption outpaces bone deposit

A

osteoporosis

93
Q

what are the risk factors for osteoporosis (7)
*know at least 3

A
  • decreased sex hormones
  • insufficient bone stress
  • poor diet in calcium, vita d or protein
  • smoking
  • genetics
  • hormone related conditions
  • alcohol or certain medications
94
Q

what are the classifications of bone fractures (6)

A
  • displaced = bones are out of alignment
  • non displaced = bones are in their normal position
  • complete = bone is broken through
  • incomplete = bone is not broken through
  • open (compound) = penetrates skin
  • closed (simple) = does not penetrate skin
95
Q

what are the 6 common types of fractures

A
  • comminuted
  • compression
  • spiral
  • epiphyseal
  • depressed
  • greenstick
96
Q

describe comminuted fraction

A
  • bone fragments into 3+ pieces *
  • common in the aged
97
Q

descrie compression fraction

A
  • bone is crushed *
  • common in porous bone, subject in extreme trauma
98
Q

describe spiral fraction

A
  • ragged break when bone is twisted*
  • common in sports fractures
99
Q

describe epiphyseal fracture

A
  • epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate*
  • occurs where cartilage cells are dying
100
Q

describe depressed fracture

A
  • broken bone is pressed inward
  • typical in skull fracture
101
Q

describe greenstick fracture

A
  • bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shart breaks and the other bends *
  • common in children
102
Q

describe tuberosity projection

A

large rounded

103
Q

describe crest projection

A

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

104
Q

describe trochanter projection

A

very large and blunt, irregular shaped

105
Q

describe line projection

A

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

106
Q

describe tubercle projection

A

small rounded projection

107
Q

describe epicondyle projection

A

raised area above or on a condyle

108
Q

describe spine projection

A

sharp, slender, often pointed

109
Q

describe process projection

A

any bone prominence

110
Q

describe head markings

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

111
Q

describe facet markings

A

smooth, nearly flat joint surface

112
Q

describe condyle markings

A

rounded articular projection
(connects joints)

113
Q

describe groove markings

A

furrow

114
Q

describe fissure markings

A

narrow, slitlike opening

115
Q

describe foramen markings

A

round or oval opening through bone

116
Q

describe notch markings

A

indentation at the edge of a structure

117
Q

describe mEAtus marking

A

canal like passage way

118
Q

describe sinus markings

A

cavity of bone, filled w air

119
Q

describe fossa markings

A

shallow depression in a bone

anatomy and physiology (22 decks)

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