chapter 6: bones and skeletal tissues Flashcards
name the cartilages (3) that form the skeleton
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
explain hyaline cartilage
(5 pts)
-look like frosted glass
-provide support with flexibility and resilience
- most abundant
-chondrocytes are spherical
- only has fine collagen fibers
what are the 4 kinds of hyaline cartilage
articular
coastal
respiratory
nasal
which cartilage covers ends of most moveable joints
articular cartilages
artic = joint, pt of connection
which cartilage connect ribs to sternum
coastal cartilages
which cartilages are for the skeleton of larynx and reinforce respiratory passageways
respiratory cartilages
what is the function of nasal cartilages
support the external nose
most abundant cartilage
articular
eeelastic cartilages
(3 pts)
- resemble hyaline
- contain stretchy fibers and are better to stand up to repeated bending
- external ear and epiglottis
what is epiglottis
flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow
which is the most compressible cartilage with tenisle strength
fibrocartilage
briefly describe fibrocartilage (2)
- have roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers
- in sites subjected to pressure and stretch*
which cartilage has chondrocytes that are spherical
articular
name 2 types of growths of cartilage
appositional and intersitial
describe appositional growth
- bone remodeling
- chondroblast secrete new matrix against external face of existing cartilage tissue
describe interstitial growth
- miotic division of chondrocytes secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage within
- growth ends at adolescence
- bone growth
functions of the bone (7)
anchorage
support
mineral storage
triglyceride storage
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
protection
hormone production
term for blood formation
hematopoiesis
what hormone does bone produce and why (3)
osteocalcin
to regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure
what do bones protect (3)
- skull protects brain
- vertebrae protects spinal cord
- rib cage protects vital organs or thorax
how are bones divided (2)
axial (skull vertebral column and rib cage)
appendicular ( upper lower limbs, girdles that attach the limbs)
what are 4 types of bone shapes
long
short
flat
irregular
describe long bones (4)
- longer than wide
- has shaft and 2 ends
- all limb bones are long bones except patella, wrist and ankle bones
- based on shape rather than size
describe short bones
- roughly cube shaped
- wrist and ankle bones
what specific short bone forms tendons and what do they do
sesamoid bones
reduce friction and modify pressure
describe flat bones
- thin, flattened, a bit curved
- sternum, scapulae, ribs and most cranial bones
sternum, scapulae, ribs and most cranial bones are examples of
flat bone
describe irregular bones
give 2 examples
- complicated shapes
- vertebrae and hip bones
wrist and ankle bones are considered….
short bones
the three bones in your finger are considered …
long bones
bones contain … in their nerves
nervous tissue
bones have … tissue covering their external surface
dense connective
bones have …. and … tissues in blood vessels
muscle and epithelial
three levels to consider bone structure
gross, microscopic, chemical
what is the dense outer layer of bones that look smooth and solid
compact bone
internal to compact bone
spongy bone
another term for spongy bone
trabecular bone
trabeculae
honeycomb of small needle-like flat pieces that make up spongy bone
what is diaphysis
forms long axis of bone (shaft)
what is epiphyses
bone ends
medullary cavity
- marrow cavity
- has yellow marrow
- contains no bone tissue
the epiphyseal plate is
aka growth plate
disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone *
what is the line between epiphysis and diaphysis
epiphyseal line
what is the flared portion of the bone where the epiphyseal and diaphysis meet
metaphysis
meta=between
what is periosteum
- glistening white double layer membrane, covers external surface of entire bone, except joint surfaces
- richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels
osteogenic layer contains….
- osteoprogenitor cells
(stem cells that give rise to most bone cells) - osteoclast and osteoblasts
the outer fibrous layer of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum has … tissue
dense irregular connective
describe endosteum
(means within the bone)
- covers internal bone surfaces
- covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass thru compact bone*
what are the 2 main vessels serving the diaphysis
nutrient artery and nutrient vein
where do the 2 main vessels of the diaphysis run through (3)
- through nutrient foramen*
- runs inward to supply bone marrow and spongy bone
- runs outward to supply epiphyseal arteries and veins
hematopoiesis tissue is aka
- red marrow*
- found in different places in adults and infants
where is the red marrow found in infants
medullary cavity of diaphysis and all spongy bone area
where is red marrow found in adults
- most red marrow have been replaced by yellow marrow, little red marrow is found in spongy bone*
- flat bones of skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and hip bones
- head of femur and humerus
what happens to yellow marrow when a person is anemic
reverts to red marrow
external surface of bone has …. that provide info about how the bone is attached to muscles and ligaments
bone markings
what are the 3 categories of bone markings
- projections
- surfaces
- depressions and openings
what are bone projection markings
sites of muscles and ligament attachment
function of bone surface markings
form joints
what are bone depression and opening markings
for blood vessels and nerves
name the types of bone projections (8)
crest
epicondyle
line
process
spine
tuberosity
trochanter
tubercle
name the types of bone surface markings (4)
head
facet
condyle
ramus
name the types of bone depressions and openings (4 main, 3 other)
main
- groove
- fissure
- foramen
- notch
other
- meatus
- sinus
- fossa
name the five major cell types of bone tissue
osteoproginator
osteoblast
osteocytes
bone lining cells
osteoclasts
all except osteoclast originate from embryonic tissue
bones are continuously breaking down (resorb) and depositng bone in a process called …
remodeling
describe osteoproginator cells (5)
- aka osteogenic cells
- mitotically active stem cells*
- found in periosteum and endosteum
- are flattened/ squamous in growing bones
- become osteoblasts when stimulated*
describe osteoblasts (4)
- bone forming cells that secrete matrix*
- actively mitotic
- cube shaped
- resemble osteoproginator cells when inactive
what happens to osteoblast when they are completely surrounded by matrix
they become osteoclasts
what is in the unmineralized matrix osteoblasts secrete
collagen, calcium binding protein
what is an unmineralized bone called
osteoid
describe osteocytes (4)
- mature bone cells that occupy lacunae (space)
- monitor and maintain bone matrix
- have sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli
- communicates with osteoblast/clast so bone can be made or degraded*
describe bone lining cells
- flat cells found on bone surfaces where remodeling is going on
- help maintain matrix*
which bone cell has sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli that communicate information to osteoblast and osteoclast so bone can be built or degraded
osteocytes
describe osteoclast (5)
- giant multinucleate
- located at sites of bone resorption*
- break down bone *
- they lie in a depression they carved out
- have distinctive ruffled boarder
what is the structural unit of compact bone
osteon*
aka Haversian system
what is a lamella
a (matrix) tube within the osteon
what is a central canal (2)
- aka haversian canal
- contains small blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve osteon cells *
what are perforating canals (3)
- volkmans canals
- lie horizontally in compact bone, connect bloods and nerve supply of medullary cavity to the central canals *
- lined with endosteum
spider shaped osteocytes occupy ….
lacunae
what are hair like canals that radiate from lacunae, connecting them to each other and to central canal called
canaliculi
what are the functions of canaliculi
- tie all the osteocytes in osteon together
- allows them to communicate and lets nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next*
describe interstitial osteons (3)
- lie between intact osteons
- are incomplete lamellae
- fill in gaps or are remnants of osteons that have been remodeled *
describe circumferential lamellae (2)
- just deep to periosteum and just superficial to endosteum
- resists twisting of long bone *
- extends entirely around the diaphysis
what are the organic components of bone (4)
-the 5 bone cells
- osteoid
- organic part of matrix
- collagen
what are the inorganic compounds of the bone (2)
- inorganic hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)
- calcium phosphates
what are the 2 names for the process of bone formation
ossification
osteogenesis
what are the 2 types of ossification
endochondrial
intramembranous
describe endochondiral ossification (2)
- bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage*
- results in endochondrial bone
describe intramembranous ossification
- develops from a fibrous membrane and bone *
- results in membranous bone
define osteomalacia (3)
- soft bone*
- poorly mineralized
- calcium salts are not adequately deposited
what is pagets disease
- excessive bone deposit and resorption
- results in paget bone, where there is a higher ratio of spongey bone to compact bone *
what area’s are most common for pagets
spine
pelvis
femur
skull
what is the disease where resorption outpaces bone deposit
osteoporosis
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis (7)
*know at least 3
- decreased sex hormones
- insufficient bone stress
- poor diet in calcium, vita d or protein
- smoking
- genetics
- hormone related conditions
- alcohol or certain medications
what are the classifications of bone fractures (6)
- displaced = bones are out of alignment
- non displaced = bones are in their normal position
- complete = bone is broken through
- incomplete = bone is not broken through
- open (compound) = penetrates skin
- closed (simple) = does not penetrate skin
what are the 6 common types of fractures
- comminuted
- compression
- spiral
- epiphyseal
- depressed
- greenstick
describe comminuted fraction
- bone fragments into 3+ pieces *
- common in the aged
descrie compression fraction
- bone is crushed *
- common in porous bone, subject in extreme trauma
describe spiral fraction
- ragged break when bone is twisted*
- common in sports fractures
describe epiphyseal fracture
- epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate*
- occurs where cartilage cells are dying
describe depressed fracture
- broken bone is pressed inward
- typical in skull fracture
describe greenstick fracture
- bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shart breaks and the other bends *
- common in children
describe tuberosity projection
large rounded
describe crest projection
narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
describe trochanter projection
very large and blunt, irregular shaped
describe line projection
narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
describe tubercle projection
small rounded projection
describe epicondyle projection
raised area above or on a condyle
describe spine projection
sharp, slender, often pointed
describe process projection
any bone prominence
describe head markings
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
describe facet markings
smooth, nearly flat joint surface
describe condyle markings
rounded articular projection
(connects joints)
describe groove markings
furrow
describe fissure markings
narrow, slitlike opening
describe foramen markings
round or oval opening through bone
describe notch markings
indentation at the edge of a structure
describe mEAtus marking
canal like passage way
describe sinus markings
cavity of bone, filled w air
describe fossa markings
shallow depression in a bone
