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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 9: Muscles And Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Muscles And Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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2
Q

Describe Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A
  • Striated
  • Location: Attached to skin and bone
  • Voluntary
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3
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A
  • Striated
  • Location: Heart
  • Involuntary
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4
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle Tissue

A
  • No Striations
  • Location: Walls of hollow organs
  • Involuntary
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5
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

1) Excitability (responsiveness)
2) Contractibility
3) Extensibility
4) Elasticity

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6
Q

Excitability (responsiveness)

A

Ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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7
Q

Contractibility

A

Ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

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8
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to be stretched

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9
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to recoil to resting length

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10
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the muscle?

A
  1. Produce movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Stabilize joints
  4. Generate heat as they contract
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11
Q

What are the 3 features of the Skeletal muscle anatomy?

A

1) Nerve and blood supply
2) CT sheaths
3) Attachments

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12
Q

Nerve and Blood Supply

A
  • Each muscle receives a nerve, artery, and veins–> cellular respiration
  • Contracting muscle fibers require huge amounts of oxygen and nutrients
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13
Q

CT Sheaths

A
  • Every skeletal muscle (and muscle fiber) is covered in CT
  • Support cells and reinforce whole muscle
  • Sheaths from external to internal (3)
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14
Q

What are the 3 Sheaths of CT?

A

1) Epimysium
2) Perimysium
3) Endomysium

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15
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding entire muscle

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16
Q

Perimysium

A

Fibrous CT surrounding fascicles

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17
Q

Endomysium

A

Fine areolar CT surrounding each muscle fiber (cell)

18
Q

Attachments

A

• Muscle spans joints and attach to bones

  • Muscles attach to bone in a least (2) places:
    • Insertion
    • Origin
19
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment to movable bone

20
Q

Origin

A

Attachment to immovable or less movable bone

21
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Muscle fiber plasma membrane

22
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Muscle fiber cytoplasm

23
Q

Myofibrils

A

Densely packed, rodlike elements

24
Q

Muscle tension

A

The force exerted on load or object to be moved; produced by contraction

25
Q

What are the 2 types of contractions?

A

1) Isometric

2) Isotonic

26
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

No shortening; muscle tension increases but does not exceed load

27
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

Muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load

28
Q

Why does the force and duration of a contraction vary?

A

In response to stimuli of different frequencies and intensities

29
Q

Motor Unit

A

Consists of the motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies

30
Q

Muscle twitch

A

Simplest contraction resulting from a muscle fiber’s response to a single action potential from motor neuron

31
Q

Why do graded muscle responses vary?

A

The various strength of contractions are for different demands

32
Q

How do muscles graded in response to change change in stimulus frequency?

A
  • Single stimuli= single contractile (i.e muscle twitch)

- Multiple stimuli= multiple contractiles from same fiber

33
Q

How does stimulus strength change to muscle response?

A

Recruitment (or multiple unit stimulation )

34
Q

Recruitment (or multiple unit stimulation )

A

Stimulus is sent to more muscle fibers, leading to more precise control

35
Q

What are the 3 types of stimulus in recruitment?

A

1) Sub threshold
2) Threshold
3) Maximal

36
Q

Sub Threshold stimulus

A

Stimulus not strong enough, so no contractions seen

37
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

Stimulus is strong enough to cause first observable contraction

38
Q

Maximal stimulus

A

Strongest stimulus that increases maximum contractile force

39
Q

Describe the asynchronous contraction of motor units in muscles?

A

Tag team back-and-forth, contracting and relaxing

40
Q

Muscle tone

A

Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles

41
Q

ATP supplies the energy needed for the muscle fiber to:

A
  • Move and detach cross bridges
  • Pump calcium back into SR
  • End the action potential moving through the muscle
42
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms in which ATP is regenerated quickly?

A
  1. Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)
  2. Anaerobic pathway; glycolysis and lactic acid formation
  3. Aerobic respiration

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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