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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4: Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells in similar structure that perform common or related function

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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3
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous Tissue

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4
Q

What steps do you need to do to look at a tissue in detail under a microscope?

A

1) Fixed (Preserved)
2) Sectioned (sliced)
3) Stained (colored)

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

A sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities

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6
Q

What are the 2 main forms of epithelial tissue?

A

1) Covering and lining epithelia

2) Glandular epithelia

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7
Q

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
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8
Q

What are the special characteristics of Epithelial Tissues?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissues
  4. Avascular, but innervated
  5. Regeneration
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9
Q

Polarity

A
  • Apical (top)

- Basal (bottom)

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10
Q

Specialized contacts

A

Special cell contacts including desmosomes and right junctions

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11
Q

Supported by connective tissues

A
  • Basal surface is connected to connective tissue

- Gives structural support, nutrients and helps resist epithelial tears

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12
Q

Avascular, but innervated

A
  • Connective tissue supplies blood because there are no blood vessels in the epithelial tissue
  • There are many nerve endings in epithelial tissue
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13
Q

Regeneration

A
  • Epithelial cells are often destroyed, so they are easily replaced and undergo mitosis often
  • Some cells are exposed to friction, some to hostile substances, resulting in damage
    • Ex: Stomach lining
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14
Q

Simple Epithelial

A

Involved in absorption, secretion or filtration processes

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15
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelialium

A

Cells are flattened laterally and cytoplasm is sparse
- Function: rapid diffusion
• Ex: lungs, blood vessels

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16
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Function: secretion and absorption

• Ex: smallest ducts of glands, kidney tubules

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17
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Some cells have microvilli (absorption), and some have cilia (movement)
Some layers contain mucus-secreting goblet cells (secretion)
- Function: in absorption, secretion and movement of mucus, enzymes and other substances
• Ex: in small intestines, gallbladder

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18
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Many cells are ciliated
- Function: involved in secretion, particularly of mucus, and also in movement of mucus via ciliary sweeping action
• Ex: trachea

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19
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

A

Involve 2 or more layers of cells
New cells regenerate from below
• Basal cells divide and migrate toward surface
• More durable than simple epithelia because protection is the major role

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20
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Most widespread of stratified epithelia
  • Free surface is squamous, with deeper cuboidal or columnar layers
  • Located in area of high wear and tear (ex: skin)
  • Keratinized cells found in skin; nonkeratinized cells are found in moist linings
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21
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Classified by:

  1. Site of product release
  2. Relative number of cells forming the gland
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22
Q

Gland

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

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23
Q

Endocrine

A
  • Internally secreting
  • Ductless glands
    • Ex: hormones
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24
Q

Exocrine

A
  • Externally secreting
  • More common and have ducts
    • Ex: Sweat, salivary
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25
Q

What are the sites of product release of Glandular Epithelia?

A

1) Endocrine

2) Exocrine

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26
Q

What are the “relative number of cells forming the gland”?

A
  • Unicellular

* Multicellular

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27
Q

Unicellular

A

• Ex: goblet cells

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28
Q

Multicellular

A

3 Types:
• Merocrine
• Holocrine
• Apocrine

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29
Q

Merocrine

A

Secrete using exocytosis (sweat gland)

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30
Q

Holocrine

A

Accumulate products than rupture sebaceous oil glands

31
Q

Apocrine

A

Accumulates products within and then only the top rupture (possibly mammary glands)

32
Q

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood)

33
Q

What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
34
Q

What are the 3 common characteristics of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Common embryonic
  2. Varying degrees of vascularity
  3. Cells are suspended/ embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM)
35
Q

Common Embryonic Origin

A

All arise from mesenchyme tissue as their tissue of origin

36
Q

Varying degrees of vascularity

A

Different amounts of blood vessels, for example, cartilage is avascular, bone is highly vascularized

37
Q

Cells are suspended/ embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM)

A
  • ECM is a protein-sugar mesh

* Matrix supports cells to make them durable

38
Q

What are the 3 main structural elements of connective tissues?

A
  • Ground substance
  • Fibers
  • Cells
39
Q

What elements make up the extracellular matrix?

A

Ground Substance and Fibers

40
Q

Ground Substance

A

Unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells
• Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

41
Q

What are the components of Ground Substance?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Cell adhesion proteins (“glue” for attachment)
  • Proteglycans (sugar proteins)
  • Water
42
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastic Fibers
  • Reticular
43
Q

Collagen

A

Strongest and most abundant type of fiber

44
Q

Elastic Fiber

A

Allow for stretch and recoil

45
Q

Reticular

A

• Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

Branching forms networks that offer more “give”

46
Q

Cells

A

“Blast” cells

- Immature form of cells that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers

47
Q

What are the 3 types of “Blast” cells?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Chondroblasts
  3. Osteoblasts
48
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Found in connective tissue proper

49
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Found in cartilage

50
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Found in bone

51
Q

“Cyte” cells

A

Mature, less active form of “blast” cells, that now becomes part of and helps maintain health of matrix

52
Q

What are the other types of cells found in connective tissues?

A
  • Fat cells
  • White blood cells
  • Mast cells
  • Macrophages
53
Q

Fat cells

A

Store nutrients

54
Q

White blood cells

A

Tissue response to injury

55
Q

Mast cells

A

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganism story detect

56
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms

- function in immune system

57
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A
  • CT Proper: Loose connective tissue

* CR Proper: Dense connective tissue

58
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
59
Q

Areolar Loose Connective Tissue

A

Universal packaging material between other tissues; supports and binds other tissues
• Contains fibroblasts that secrete loose arrangement of mostly collagen fibers

60
Q

Adipose Loose Connective Tissue

A

Shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage
• Fat tissue
• Similar to areolar tissue but greater in nutrient storage
• Richly vascularized

61
Q

Reticular Loose Connective Tissue

A

Form a mesh-like stroma that acts as a support for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

62
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Function: Very high tensile strength; can withstand high tension and stretching
• Made up of collagen fibers
• Vascularized

63
Q

What are the 3 different types of Dense Connective Tissue?

A
  • Dense Regular
  • Dense Irregular
  • Elastic
64
Q

Dense regular

A

Very strong, stretches in one direction, found in dermis, joints, ligaments

65
Q

Dense irregular

A

Can stretch in multiple directions, also in the dermis

66
Q

Elastic

A

Very stretchy, found in some ligament and around blood vessels

67
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Matrix secreted from chondroblasts (during growth) and chondrocytes (adults)
  • Tough yet flexible material that lacks nerve fibers
  • Avascular
68
Q

Avascular

A

Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it (perichondrium)

69
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
70
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs

71
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Found in ears and epiglottis

• Similar to Hyaline but with more elastic fibers

72
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Strong so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and joints
• Properties between hyaline and dense regular tissue

73
Q

Bone

A

Function: supports and protects body structures; stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities

• Osteoblasts produce matrix
• Osteocytes maintain the matrix
- Osteons: individual structural units

  • Richly vascularized
74
Q

Blood

A

Function: transports and carries nutrients, wastes, gases and other substances

  • Contains white blood cells and platelets
  • Fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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