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Advanced Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5: Integumentary > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major organs of the Integumentary System?

A
  • Hair
  • Skin
  • Nails
  • Sweat Glands
  • Oil Glands
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2
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
    (3. Hyperdermis)
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial Region; consists of epithelial tissue and is avascular

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Underlies epidermis; Mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular

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5
Q

Hyperdermis

A

Superficial fascia; shares some skin functions

  • Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates
  • Anchors skin to underlying structures: mostly muscles
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6
Q

What are the 4 types of cells found in the Epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
  4. Tactile (Merkel) cells
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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce fibrous keratin (protein that gives skin it’s protective properties)

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8
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment melanin, which protects the skin from UV radiation

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9
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

Macrophages that patrols deep epidermis

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10
Q

Tactile (Merkel) cells

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

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11
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?

A

4-5 distinct layers

  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. Stratum corneum
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12
Q

Stratum Basale (basal layer)

A

Layer is firmly attached to dermis

- Consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide

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13
Q

Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)

A

Several cell layers thick
Weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments
to resist tension and pulling
- Keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey

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14
Q

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

A

4-6 cells thick, but cells are flattened, so layer is thin

  • Cells die cause they’re too far from connective tissue to get nutrients
  • *cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate**
  • Keratinization begins
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15
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

A

Thick skin

- Made of thin, translucent band of 2 to 3 of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

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16
Q

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

A

20-30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead cells
** 3/4 of epidermal thickness**

Dead cells give protection

17
Q

Dermis

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue
- Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
- Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands and sweat glands
Has 2 layers

18
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary

2. Reticular

19
Q

Papillary

A

Areolar connective tissue loosely packed to allow phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms

20
Q

Reticular

A

Contains many elastic fibers and collagen fibers allowing for strength and stretch; contains lines of cleavage

21
Q

Cleavage (tension) lines

A

In reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
- Externally invisible

22
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
23
Q

Melanin

A

Red or brownish black

  • Freckles and pigmented moles are local accumulations of melanin
  • *Sun exposure stimulates melanin production**
24
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange pigment

25
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pinkish hues in fair skin

26
Q

What can excessive exposure to sun do to the skin?

A
  • Elastic fibers clump
  • Depress immune system
  • Alterations to DNA (skin cancer)
  • UV light destroys folic acid
  • Photosensitivity is increased reaction to sun
27
Q

What alterations in skin color can indicate disease?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Erythema
  • Pallor
  • Jaundice
28
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue skin color- low oxygenation of hemoglobin

29
Q

Erythema

A

Redness- fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

30
Q

Pallor

A

Pale color- Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

31
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow- Liver disorder

32
Q

Hairs

A

Flexible strands of dead, keratinized cells

  • Produced by hair follicles
  • Hard keratin
33
Q

Shaft

A

Area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete

34
Q

Root

A

Area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on

35
Q

Nails

A

Scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin
- Consists of free edge, nail plate and root

36
Q

Nail matrix

A

Thickened portions of bed responsible for nail growth

Advanced Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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